{"chapters":[{"chapter":1,"title":"Childhood (1912–1926)","part":"I","summary":"The connection is a trace (documented).","period":{"from":1912,"to":1922}},{"chapter":2,"title":"Sherborne and Christopher Morcom (1926–1931)","part":"I","summary":"In 1926 Turing went to Sherborne School in Dorset. The headmaster wrote that a boy who wants only to be a scientific specialist is wasting his time at a public school (St Andrews MacTutor; Hodges).","period":{"from":1926,"to":1932}},{"chapter":3,"title":"Cambridge (1931–1936)","part":"I","summary":"Turing called his model an \"a-machine\" (automatic machine). The name \"Turing machine\" was given by Alonzo Church in a 1937 review (Stanford Encyclopedia). Part III, chapter 11 discusses the content.","period":{"from":1934,"to":1935}},{"chapter":4,"title":"Princeton (1936–1938)","part":"I","summary":"Turing went to Princeton as a graduate student under Church. He took his PhD in May 1938 with Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals. John von Neumann offered him an assistantship at $1,500 a year; Turing declined and returned to Cambridge (Princeton; i-programmer).","period":{"from":1937,"to":1937}},{"chapter":5,"title":"Wittgenstein and Bletchley Park (1939–1945)","part":"I","summary":"In 1939 Turing attended Wittgenstein's lectures on the foundations of mathematics in Cambridge. The two disagreed on whether a contradiction in mathematics matters (Big Think; Bergen).","period":{"from":1939,"to":1941}},{"chapter":6,"title":"The computer and the runner (1945–1951)","part":"I","summary":"","period":{"from":1945,"to":1951}},{"chapter":7,"title":"Manchester, conviction and death (1952–1954)","part":"I","summary":"On 23 January 1952 Turing's house in Wilmslow was burgled. When he reported it, he acknowledged a relationship with Arnold Murray (APS; Open University). On 31 March 1952, at Knutsford Quarter Sessions, he pleaded guilty to gross indecency under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885. Sentence was postponed and he was placed on probation for twelve months, on condition of treatment at Manchester Royal Infirmary (text of the 2013 pardon; St Andrews MacTutor). He chose a year of oestrogen injections instead of prison (St Andrews MacTutor; liberate.gg).","period":{"from":1952,"to":2021}},{"chapter":8,"title":"Reading at Sherborne","part":"II","summary":"The Sherborne library registers are a primary source for what Turing read as a schoolboy (Sherborne archive; Hodges).","period":{"from":1929,"to":1929}},{"chapter":9,"title":"Teachers and opponents","part":"II","summary":"","period":{"from":1939,"to":1939}},{"chapter":10,"title":"Schrödinger, D'Arcy Thompson and Goethe","part":"II","summary":"Schrödinger. Turing wrote about Schrödinger's quantum theory in 1929. He knew What is Life? (1944) and looked for his own chemical explanation of form (Belgian Journal of Zoology; Metode). What is Life? is a node in this series for three reasons:","period":{"from":1943,"to":1952}},{"chapter":11,"title":"Computability (1936)","part":"III","summary":"Turing reduced a person calculating with pencil and paper to its simplest form: a tape of squares, a head that reads and writes one square at a time, a finite number of internal states and a table of rules. He showed that a universal machine exists that can imitate every other machine, and that no machine can decide for every machine whether it will ever print a given symbol. Hilbert's decision problem therefore has no general mechanical solution (Stanford Encyclopedia, \"Turing Machines\"; MacTutor).","period":{"from":1936,"to":1936}},{"chapter":12,"title":"The limit of mechanisation (1939)","part":"III","summary":"In his Princeton thesis Turing added an \"oracle\" to the machine: a step that cannot be carried out mechanically. He separated mathematical reasoning into intuition and ingenuity, and held that intuition cannot be fully mechanised (Princeton; Stanford Encyclopedia).","period":{"from":1938,"to":1938}},{"chapter":13,"title":"The learning machine (1947–1951)","part":"III","summary":"In Intelligent Machinery (1948) Turing described unorganised machines that are organised by training, and a \"child machine\" that learns instead of being programmed (gpbib; Wikipedia). In Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) he replaced the question whether machines can think by the imitation game. A machine that is to be intelligent must be allowed to make mistakes.","period":{"from":1948,"to":1950}},{"chapter":14,"title":"Morphogenesis (1951–1954)","part":"III","summary":"In 1951 Turing wanted to \"grow a brain\" rather than model one, and turned to embryology (letter to J.Z. Young; Swinton). The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis appeared in 1952 (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 237: 37–72). Two substances that react with each other and diffuse at different rates can turn an almost uniform state into spots or stripes; small disturbances are amplified (Embryo Project Encyclopedia; Woolley and Baker in The Turing Guide, ch. 34).","period":{"from":1952,"to":1952}},{"chapter":15,"title":"The unseen world (1954)","part":"III","summary":"The four postcards of March 1954 return to the reading of 1929: Eddington, the light cone, creation. The thread is complete.","period":{"from":1954,"to":1954}}],"places":[{"id":"londen","name":"London (Maida Vale)","lat":51.529,"lon":-0.186,"role":"Turing born 23 June 1912 in Maida Vale","chapters":[1]},{"id":"st_leonards","name":"St Leonards-on-Sea","lat":50.855,"lon":0.545,"role":"with the Ward family, 1913–1926; prep school Hazelhurst","chapters":[1]},{"id":"sherborne","name":"Sherborne","lat":50.947,"lon":-2.516,"role":"Sherborne School 1926–1931; Morcom, the iodine clock, the library registers","chapters":[2,8]},{"id":"cambridge","name":"Cambridge (King's College)","lat":52.204,"lon":0.117,"role":"King's College 1931–1936; Fellow 1935; Wittgenstein's lectures 1939","chapters":[3,5,9,11]},{"id":"princeton","name":"Princeton","lat":40.343,"lon":-74.651,"role":"graduate student under Church, PhD 1938","chapters":[4,9,12]},{"id":"bletchley_park","name":"Bletchley Park","lat":51.998,"lon":-0.741,"role":"Bombe, naval Enigma, Hut 8, 1939–1945","chapters":[5]},{"id":"teddington","name":"Teddington (National Physical Laboratory)","lat":51.425,"lon":-0.338,"role":"design of the ACE, 1945–1948","chapters":[6]},{"id":"manchester","name":"Manchester","lat":53.467,"lon":-2.234,"role":"Manchester 1952–1954; treatment at Manchester Royal Infirmary","chapters":[7]},{"id":"wilmslow","name":"Wilmslow","lat":53.326,"lon":-2.231,"role":"his house: burglary 23 January 1952; died here 7 June 1954","chapters":[7]},{"id":"knutsford","name":"Knutsford","lat":53.303,"lon":-2.373,"role":"Knutsford Quarter Sessions, 31 March 1952","chapters":[7]},{"id":"korfoe","name":"Corfu","lat":39.624,"lon":19.921,"role":"postcard to the Greenbaum family, July 1953","chapters":[7]},{"id":"dublin","name":"Dublin (Trinity College)","lat":53.344,"lon":-6.254,"role":"Schrödinger's lectures What is Life?, February 1943","chapters":[10]}],"persons":[{"id":"turing","name":"Alan Turing","born":1912,"died":1954,"role":"Alan Mathison Turing (1912–1954)","chapters":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]},{"id":"brewster","name":"Edwin Tenney Brewster","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Received 1922; opened his eyes to science","chapters":[1,8]},{"id":"morcom","name":"Christopher Morcom","born":null,"died":1930,"role":"First friendship; shared chemistry, mathematics, astronomy; showed the iodine clock reaction; died 13 Feb 1930","chapters":[2]},{"id":"eddington","name":"Arthur Eddington","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Read as schoolboy; used in Nature of Spirit 1932; in postcards 1954","chapters":[2,7,8,15]},{"id":"whitehead","name":"Alfred North Whitehead","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Borrowed Feb-Mar 1929; Whitehead also won the Sherborne Digby Prize 1877-1879","chapters":[2,8]},{"id":"jeans","name":"James Jeans","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Borrowed; chosen as Morcom's posthumous prize books","chapters":[2,8]},{"id":"schrodinger","name":"Erwin Schrödinger","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Turing wrote on his quantum theory 1929; knew What is Life? and sought his own chemical answer","chapters":[2,10]},{"id":"newman","name":"Max Newman","born":null,"died":null,"role":"1935 lectures on Hilbert's decision problem; occasion of On Computable Numbers","chapters":[3,9]},{"id":"church","name":"Alonzo Church","born":null,"died":null,"role":"PhD supervisor 1936-38; named the a-machine 'Turing machine' (1937)","chapters":[3,4,9]},{"id":"hilbert","name":"David Hilbert","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Hilbert's decision problem (Entscheidungsproblem)","chapters":[3,9,11]},{"id":"von_neumann","name":"John von Neumann","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Read Mathematische Grundlagen 1932 (prize book probable); offered assistantship 1938, declined","chapters":[4,8]},{"id":"wittgenstein","name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","born":null,"died":null,"role":"1939 lectures on foundations of mathematics; dispute on contradiction","chapters":[5,9]},{"id":"clarke","name":"Joan Clarke","born":null,"died":null,"role":"colleague at Bletchley Park; engaged spring 1941, ended late summer; friends","chapters":[5]},{"id":"young","name":"J.Z. Young","born":null,"died":null,"role":"letter of 1951: Turing is working on a mathematical embryology","chapters":[6,14]},{"id":"greenbaum","name":"Franz Greenbaum","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Jungian analysis 1952-54; dreams written down; family friend","chapters":[7,10]},{"id":"gandy","name":"Robin Gandy","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Recipient of Messages from the Unseen World (March 1954)","chapters":[7,15]},{"id":"einstein","name":"Albert Einstein","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Relativity read as schoolboy","chapters":[8]},{"id":"hardy","name":"G.H. Hardy","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Cambridge lectures; no algorithm for all mathematical problems","chapters":[9]},{"id":"godel","name":"Kurt Gödel","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Objected to finite 'states of mind' as philosophical error","chapters":[9,11]},{"id":"delbruck","name":"Max Delbrück","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Model behind What is Life?; bacteriophage as 'hydrogen atom' of biology; no direct Turing contact found","chapters":[10]},{"id":"thompson","name":"D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Read before the war (copy at Sherborne); Turing placed morphogenesis in his line","chapters":[10]},{"id":"goethe","name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Morphology tradition; reaches Turing only via Thompson; no direct reading found","chapters":[10]},{"id":"waddington","name":"C.H. Waddington","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Cited in the 1952 morphogenesis paper","chapters":[10,14]},{"id":"child","name":"C.M. Child","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Cited in the 1952 morphogenesis paper","chapters":[10,14]},{"id":"rosen","name":"Robert Rosen","born":null,"died":null,"role":"1968 article on Turing's morphogens; critique aimed at Church's thesis, not at Turing","chapters":[10,14]},{"id":"spinoza","name":"Baruch Spinoza","born":null,"died":null,"role":"No direct reading by Turing found; Ethics III,2 and IV,67 are mottos in What is Life?; shared question of mind and body","chapters":[10]},{"id":"rashevsky","name":"Nicolas Rashevsky","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Two-factor models related to Turing's morphogens (Rosen 1968)","chapters":[14]}],"events":[{"year":1912,"label":"Born; father in the Indian Civil Service (1912-06-23) — Sara Turing; King's College Archive","place":"londen","chapter":1},{"year":1913,"label":"Placed with the Ward family while parents are in India (until 1926) — Sara Turing; More than our childhoods","place":"st_leonards","chapter":1},{"year":1922,"label":"Receives Brewster, Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know — King's College Archive AMT/K/1/25; Open University","chapter":1},{"year":1926,"label":"Enters Sherborne School — St Andrews MacTutor; Hodges","place":"sherborne","chapter":2},{"year":1928,"label":"Friendship with Christopher Morcom — Old Shirburnian Society; Hodges","place":"sherborne","chapter":2},{"year":1929,"label":"Morcom shows the iodine clock reaction; Turing writes on sulphites and iodates and on Schroedinger's quantum theory — Old Shirburnian Society; Fitzwilliam Museum; King's College Archive AMT/K/1/19","place":"sherborne","chapter":2},{"year":1929,"label":"Borrows Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (Feb-Mar) — Sherborne loan register; Hodges","place":"sherborne","chapter":8},{"year":1930,"label":"Christopher Morcom dies; Turing chooses his posthumous Digby books (Eddington x2, Jeans x2) (1930-02-13) — Old Shirburnian Society; Hodges","chapter":2},{"year":1930,"label":"First Christopher Morcom Prize (sulphites/iodates); Digby Prize Mathematics & Science — Old Shirburnian Society; Shirburnian Speak; Fitzwilliam Museum","chapter":2},{"year":1931,"label":"Second Morcom Prize and Digby Prize; enters King's College Cambridge — Old Shirburnian Society; Shirburnian Speak; King's College","chapter":2},{"year":1932,"label":"Writes Nature of Spirit with the Morcom family — Old Shirburnian Society; Science Museum","chapter":2},{"year":1934,"label":"Rediscovers the central limit theorem (Lindeberg 1922) — Welch; St Andrews MacTutor","place":"cambridge","chapter":3},{"year":1935,"label":"Fellow of King's at 22; Newman's lectures on Hilbert's decision problem — King's College; CACM","place":"cambridge","chapter":3},{"year":1936,"label":"On Computable Numbers (a-machine) — Stanford Encyclopedia; Christie's","place":"cambridge","chapter":11},{"year":1937,"label":"Church names the model 'Turing machine' in a review — Stanford Encyclopedia; Copeland","chapter":4},{"year":1938,"label":"PhD under Church, Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals; declines von Neumann's assistantship — Princeton; i-programmer","place":"princeton","chapter":12},{"year":1939,"label":"Bombe, naval Enigma, Hut 8 (until 1945) — Bletchley Park; GCHQ","place":"bletchley_park","chapter":5},{"year":1939,"label":"Attends Wittgenstein's lectures on the foundations of mathematics — Big Think; Bergen","place":"cambridge","chapter":9},{"year":1941,"label":"Engaged to Joan Clarke (spring), ended (late summer) — GCHQ; St Andrews MacTutor","chapter":5},{"year":1943,"place":"dublin","label":"Schrödinger's three public lectures, 5, 12 and 19 February 1943, Trinity College Dublin; book 1944 — Wikipedia; Hernández 2022","chapter":10},{"year":1945,"label":"NPL, design of the ACE (until 1948) — Bletchley Park; NPL","place":"teddington","chapter":6},{"year":1947,"label":"Fifth in the AAA marathon, 2:46:03 — Walton AC; AAA records","chapter":6},{"year":1948,"label":"Intelligent Machinery (published 1969) — gpbib; Wikipedia","chapter":13},{"year":1950,"label":"Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind 59:433-460 — OUP; Padua","chapter":13},{"year":1951,"label":"FRS; radio talk Can Digital Computers Think? (15 May); letter to J.Z. Young on embryology — washington.edu; Swinton","chapter":6},{"year":1952,"label":"Convicted of gross indecency; probation with a year of oestrogen treatment (1952-03-31) — Royal pardon text 2013; St Andrews MacTutor; liberate.gg","place":"knutsford","chapter":7},{"year":1952,"label":"Jungian analysis with Franz Greenbaum (until 1954) — turing.org.uk; Pink Triangle Trust","chapter":10},{"year":1952,"label":"The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 237:37-72 — Embryo Project Encyclopedia; Swinton","chapter":14},{"year":1953,"label":"Postcard to the Greenbaum family — RR Auction; Fine Books","place":"korfoe","chapter":7},{"year":1954,"label":"Dies of cyanide poisoning; inquest: suicide; apple never tested; accident argued by Copeland (1954-06-07) — historycollection; History of Information","place":"wilmslow","chapter":7},{"year":1954,"label":"Messages from the Unseen World, four postcards to Robin Gandy (March) — King's College Archive AMT/D/4; Quote Investigator","chapter":15},{"year":2009,"label":"Apology by Prime Minister Gordon Brown — ITV; PinkNews via cs.umd.edu","chapter":7},{"year":2013,"label":"Royal pardon — Royal pardon text; ITV","chapter":7},{"year":2017,"label":"Turing law: posthumous pardon for more than 50,000 men — Bank of England; liberate.gg","chapter":7},{"year":2021,"label":"Turing on the 50 pound note — Bank of England; Bank of England (Bailey)","chapter":7}],"works":[{"title":"Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know","author":"brewster","year":1912,"chapter":1},{"title":"Nature of Spirit","author":"turing","year":1932,"chapter":2},{"title":"On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem","author":"turing","year":1936,"chapter":3},{"title":"Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals","author":"turing","year":1938,"chapter":4},{"title":"Messages from the Unseen World","author":"turing","year":1954,"chapter":7},{"title":"The Nature of the Physical World","author":"eddington","year":1928,"chapter":8},{"title":"Science and the Modern World","author":"whitehead","year":1925,"chapter":8},{"title":"The Universe Around Us","author":"jeans","year":null,"chapter":8},{"title":"Astronomy and Cosmogony","author":"jeans","year":null,"chapter":8},{"title":"Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik","author":"von_neumann","year":1932,"chapter":8},{"title":"What is Life?","author":"schrodinger","year":1944,"chapter":10},{"title":"On Growth and Form","author":"thompson","year":null,"chapter":10},{"title":"Intelligent Machinery","author":"turing","year":1948,"chapter":13},{"title":"Computing Machinery and Intelligence","author":"turing","year":1950,"chapter":13},{"title":"The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis","author":"turing","year":1952,"chapter":14},{"title":"Turing's morphogens, two-factor systems and active transport","author":"rosen","year":1968,"chapter":14}],"concepts":[{"term":"Iodine clock reaction","explanation":"Iodate and sulphite in acid solution stay colourless for a while and then turn blue-black at once.","chapter":2},{"term":"a-machine","explanation":"Turing called his model an \"a-machine\" (automatic machine). The name \"Turing machine\" was given by Alonzo Church in a 1937 review.","chapter":3},{"term":"Oracle","explanation":"A step that cannot be carried out mechanically, added to the machine in the Princeton thesis.","chapter":12},{"term":"Child machine","explanation":"A machine that learns instead of being programmed (Intelligent Machinery, 1948).","chapter":13},{"term":"Imitation game","explanation":"Replaces the question whether machines can think (Computing Machinery and Intelligence, 1950).","chapter":13},{"term":"Morphogenesis","explanation":"Two substances that react with each other and diffuse at different rates can turn an almost uniform state into spots or stripes.","chapter":14}],"connections":[{"from":"morcom","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"First friendship; shared chemistry, mathematics, astronomy; showed the iodine clock reaction; died 13 Feb 1930 (Old Shirburnian Society; Fitzwilliam Museum)","chapter":2},{"from":"Iodine clock reaction (1929)","to":"turing","kind":"echo","status":"hypothese","label":"Sudden change of form from a uniform state; shared form with morphogenesis 1952 (Old Shirburnian Society; Turing 1952)","chapter":2},{"from":"turing","to":"gandy","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Recipient of Messages from the Unseen World (March 1954) (King's College Archive AMT/D/4; Quote Investigator)","chapter":7},{"from":"brewster","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Received 1922; opened his eyes to science · Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know (1912) (King's College Archive AMT/K/1/25; Open University)","chapter":8},{"from":"eddington","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Read as schoolboy; used in Nature of Spirit 1932; in postcards 1954 · The Nature of the Physical World (1928) (Hodges; Sherborne archive; King's College Archive AMT/D/4)","chapter":8},{"from":"whitehead","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Borrowed Feb-Mar 1929; Whitehead also won the Sherborne Digby Prize 1877-1879 · Science and the Modern World (1925) (Sherborne loan register; Shirburnian Speak)","chapter":8},{"from":"jeans","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Borrowed; chosen as Morcom's posthumous prize books · The Universe Around Us; Astronomy and Cosmogony (Sherborne archive; Old Shirburnian Society)","chapter":8},{"from":"einstein","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Relativity read as schoolboy (St Andrews MacTutor; Hodges)","chapter":8},{"from":"von_neumann","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Read Mathematische Grundlagen 1932 (prize book probable); offered assistantship 1938, declined (Hodges; King's College Archive; Princeton; i-programmer)","chapter":8},{"from":"hardy","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Cambridge lectures; no algorithm for all mathematical problems (Welch; King's College)","chapter":9},{"from":"newman","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"1935 lectures on Hilbert's decision problem; occasion of On Computable Numbers (King's College; CACM)","chapter":9},{"from":"church","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"PhD supervisor 1936-38; named the a-machine 'Turing machine' (1937) (Stanford Encyclopedia; Princeton)","chapter":9},{"from":"godel","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Objected to finite 'states of mind' as philosophical error (Stanford Encyclopedia; Copeland)","chapter":9},{"from":"wittgenstein","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"1939 lectures on foundations of mathematics; dispute on contradiction (Big Think; Bergen)","chapter":9},{"from":"schrodinger","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Turing wrote on his quantum theory 1929; knew What is Life? and sought his own chemical answer · What is Life? (1944) (King's College Archive AMT/K/1/19; Belgian Journal of Zoology; Metode)","chapter":10},{"from":"delbruck","to":"schrodinger","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Model behind What is Life?; bacteriophage as 'hydrogen atom' of biology; no direct Turing contact found · certainty: documented (Schroedinger link) (AAAS; Encyclopedia.com; wissenschaft.de)","chapter":10},{"from":"thompson","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Read before the war (copy at Sherborne); Turing placed morphogenesis in his line · On Growth and Form (Swinton; Franceschelli)","chapter":10},{"from":"goethe","to":"turing","kind":"echo","status":"hypothese","label":"Morphology tradition; reaches Turing only via Thompson; no direct reading found (Swinton; Franceschelli)","chapter":10},{"from":"waddington","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Cited in the 1952 morphogenesis paper (Petitot; Turing 1952)","chapter":10},{"from":"child","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Cited in the 1952 morphogenesis paper (Petitot; Turing 1952)","chapter":10},{"from":"greenbaum","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Jungian analysis 1952-54; dreams written down; family friend (turing.org.uk; Pink Triangle Trust)","chapter":10},{"from":"spinoza","to":"turing","kind":"echo","status":"hypothese","label":"No direct reading by Turing found; Ethics III,2 and IV,67 are mottos in What is Life?; shared question of mind and body · certainty: hypothesis (Turing); documented (Schroedinger motto) (What is Life? (1944); Goodreads notes; Ethics text)","chapter":10},{"from":"spinoza","to":"schrodinger","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Two mottos from Spinoza's Ethics in What is Life? (IV, 67 and III, 2); \"trace in print\" (the book itself; Goodreads notes; Ethics text)","chapter":10},{"from":"schrodinger","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Rosen's Essays on Life Itself opens with \"The Schrödinger Question\" (Mikulecky; Ingram)","chapter":10},{"from":"rashevsky","to":"turing","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Two-factor models related to Turing's morphogens (Rosen 1968) (Rosen 1968, Bull. Math. Biophys. 30:493-499; Utah index of the Bulletin)","chapter":14},{"from":"turing","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"1968 article on Turing's morphogens; critique aimed at Church's thesis, not at Turing (Rosen 1968; Mikulecky)","chapter":14}],"quotes":[{"text":"Science is a Differential Equation. Religion is a Boundary Condition.","source":"Messages from the Unseen World, March 1954 (King's College Archive AMT/D/4; Quote Investigator)","chapter":7},{"text":"the statistical evidence, at least for telepathy, is overwhelming","source":"Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind 1950","chapter":13}],"sources":[]}