{"chapters":[{"chapter":1,"title":"Brooklyn en Chicago: de school van Rashevsky (1934–1964)","part":"I","summary":"Robert Rosen werd in 1934 in Brooklyn geboren, het jaar waarin de uit Oekraïne gevluchte fysicus Nicolas Rashevsky in Chicago de wiskundige biofysica begon. Rosen promoveerde in 1959 bij Rashevsky op de (M,R)-systemen en paste als een van de eersten de categorieëntheorie op de biologie toe. Het hoofdstuk beschrijft de groei, de politieke crisis van 1953–1954 en het einde (1964) van het Committee on Mathematical Biology, en wat Rosen daaruit meenam: de relationele vraag wat een organisme van een machine onderscheidt.","period":{"from":1899,"to":1972}},{"chapter":2,"title":"Buffalo en Santa Barbara: de geboorte van de anticipatie (1964–1975)","part":"I","summary":"Van 1964 tot 1975 werkte Rosen aan de State University of New York in Buffalo, in het Center for Theoretical Biology onder James Danielli, met collega's als Howard Pattee, Narendra Goel en Ludwig von Bertalanffy. Tijdens een verblijf als Visiting Fellow aan Hutchins' Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara (1970 volgens rosenlife.org en Wikipedia, 1971–72 volgens Nadin en Louie) kwam hij via vragen over planning en beleid tot het begrip anticiperend systeem, voor het eerst gebruikt in een artikel van 1974. In 1975 vertrok hij naar Dalhousie.","period":{"from":1964,"to":1975}},{"chapter":3,"title":"Halifax en Rochester: Life Itself (1975–1998, en het nagelaten werk tot 2012)","part":"I","summary":"Vanaf 1975 tot zijn pensioen was Rosen Killam Research Professor aan Dalhousie University in Halifax. Daar verschenen Fundamentals of Measurement (1978), Anticipatory Systems (geschreven 1979, verschenen 1985) en Life Itself (1991), promoveerde Louie bij hem (1981) en was hij president van de Society for General Systems Research (1980). Hij stierf eind december 1998; de bronnen noemen 28 of 30 december en Rochester of Halifax. Judith Rosen beheert zijn nalatenschap; Essays on Life Itself (2000), de herinneringen (2006) en de tweede druk van Anticipatory Systems (2012) volgden postuum.","period":{"from":1975,"to":2012}},{"chapter":4,"title":"De kring: leerlingen, medestanders en critici","part":"I","summary":"Rond Rosens werk vormde zich, vooral na zijn dood, een kring in drie ringen. Louie, Judith Rosen en Mikulecky bewaarden en verklaarden het werk; Nadin en Kineman verbonden het met het onderzoek naar anticipatie; Klir, Pattee en Kampis met de systeemwetenschap; de groep van Letelier, Cárdenas en Cornish-Bowden en Hofmeyr herformuleerden de (M,R)-systemen voor de biochemie. Landauer en Bellman (2002), Chu en Ho (2006) en Mossio, Longo en Stewart (2009) bestreden Rosens bewijzen, vooral de stelling dat leven niet berekenbaar is; Louie verdedigde haar.","period":{"from":1979,"to":2021}},{"chapter":5,"title":"Aristoteles en de vier oorzaken","part":"II","summary":"Aristoteles beantwoordde de vraag ‘waarom?’ met vier oorzaken: stof, vorm, werkende oorzaak en doel, en verdedigde de doeloorzaak vooral voor levende wezens. Spinoza noemde in het aanhangsel bij Ethica I de doeloorzaken menselijke verzinsels die oorzaak en gevolg omkeren. Rosen las de vier oorzaken als afbeeldingen, definieerde het organisme als gesloten onder werkende oorzaak, en gaf de doeloorzaak via functionele afleiding en anticipatie een wetenschappelijke plaats terug.","period":{"from":-384,"to":2021}},{"chapter":6,"title":"Van Descartes' machine naar Kants natuurdoel","part":"II","summary":"Descartes beschreef het lichaam als een fonteinwerk en dieren als machines; Newtons mechanica werd het model van een wetenschappelijke verklaring, door Rosen ‘het newtoniaanse paradigma’ genoemd. Kant onderscheidde in de Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790) het organisme als ‘georganiseerd en zichzelf organiserend wezen’ van het uurwerk, waarin geen rad een ander voortbrengt, maar hield het natuurdoel voor een regulatief begrip. Rosen maakte van die wederzijdse voortbrenging een definitie: sluiting onder werkende oorzaak.","period":{"from":1596,"to":2025}},{"chapter":7,"title":"Wat is leven? Schrödinger, von Neumann en de cybernetica","part":"II","summary":"Rond 1943 werd de vraag wat leven is op drie plaatsen opnieuw gesteld: Schrödinger hield in Dublin zijn lezingen What Is Life?, McCulloch en Pitts beschreven in Rashevsky's Bulletin het zenuwnet als logische machine, en Rosenblueth, Wiener en Bigelow verklaarden doelgerichtheid door terugkoppeling. Von Neumann ontwierp een zelfreproducerende automaat, waartegen Rosen in 1959 een paradox aanvoerde. De autopoiese van Maturana en Varela (1972) ontstond los van Rosen en werd in 2003 als deelverzameling van de (M,R)-systemen geanalyseerd.","period":{"from":1887,"to":2021}},{"chapter":8,"title":"Gödel, Turing en de grenzen van het mechanisme","part":"II","summary":"Gödel toonde in 1930–1931 dat een consistent formeel systeem met rekenkunde onvolledig is en zijn eigen consistentie niet kan bewijzen; Turing en Church legden in 1936 vast wat berekenen is. Rosen formuleerde in 1962 een fysische versie van de these van Church en verbond haar met Gödel; later definieerde hij complexe systemen als systemen met een niet-Turing-berekenbaar model en stelde hij dat organismen, door hun zelfverwijzende sluiting onder werkende oorzaak, niet op een Turingmachine te simuleren zijn. Chu en Ho (2006), Mossio, Longo en Stewart (2009), Cárdenas e.a. (2010) en simulaties van (M,R)-modellen betwistten of verhelderden die stelling.","period":{"from":1906,"to":2025}},{"chapter":9,"title":"Categorieën: van Eilenberg en Mac Lane naar de relationele biologie","part":"III","summary":"Samuel Eilenberg en Saunders Mac Lane stichtten in 1945 de categorietheorie om precies te maken wat ‘natuurlijke’ gelijkwaardigheid is; objecten worden daarin gekend door hun pijlen. Nicolas Rashevsky zocht in Chicago een relationele biologie van functies in plaats van stoffen. Robert Rosen bracht beide in 1958 samen in twee artikelen in het Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics: organismen als blokschema's van componenten, opgevat als deel van de categorie van verzamelingen, met daarin de kiem van de (M,R)-systemen.","period":{"from":1933,"to":2017}},{"chapter":10,"title":"(M,R)-systemen en de sluiting onder efficiënte oorzaak","part":"III","summary":"Rosen beschreef de minimale organisatie van een levend systeem als een kring van drie afbeeldingen: stofwisseling, herstel en replicatie, waarin elke werkende oorzaak door het systeem zelf wordt gemaakt. In Life Itself (1991) concludeerde hij dat zo'n systeem, gesloten onder efficiënte oorzaak, geen machine is en niet door een Turingmachine kan worden gesimuleerd. Sinds 2002 is die stelling bestreden en verdedigd (Landauer en Bellman, Letelier en Cárdenas, Chu en Ho, Mossio, Longo en Stewart, Wolkenhauer en Hofmeyr); het sluitingsbeginsel zelf werd breed aanvaard.","period":{"from":1958,"to":2025}},{"chapter":11,"title":"De modelleerrelatie en de anticiperende systemen","part":"III","summary":"In Santa Barbara, bij Hutchins' Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions (1970 of 1971–72), kwam Rosen tot het begrip anticipatie: een systeem waarvan de huidige toestand wordt bepaald door een voorspelde toekomstige toestand. Om dat te funderen ontwikkelde hij de modelleerrelatie: een commuterend diagram van codering, gevolgtrekking en decodering tussen een natuurlijk en een formeel systeem, met het onderscheid tussen simulatie en model. Anticipatory Systems (geschreven 1979, verschenen 1985, tweede druk 2012) en Life Itself (1991) maakten van de modelleerrelatie een kritiek op het Newtoniaanse paradigma.","period":{"from":1959,"to":2012}},{"chapter":12,"title":"Na Rosen: anticipatie als wetenschap","part":"III","summary":"Na Rosens dood in 1998 werd zijn werk langs twee wegen voortgezet: zijn leerling A.H. Louie gaf de relationele biologie in drie boeken (2009, 2013, 2017) een categorietheoretische grondslag, en anticipatie groeide uit tot een eigen veld, met Mihai Nadin, de Springer-reeks Anticipation Science onder Roberto Poli en het Handbook of Anticipation (2019). Een vormverwantschap met Roger Schanks verwachtingsfout (Dynamic Memory, 1982) is als echo met status hypothese opgenomen. Het slot vat de vrijdenkerslijn samen: Rosen doorbrak de verwachting dat een organisme een mechanisme is dat uit zijn delen te begrijpen en op een machine na te bootsen is.","period":{"from":1979,"to":2024}}],"places":[{"id":"brooklyn","name":"Brooklyn (Brownsville), New York","lat":40.6631,"lon":-73.9091,"role":"geboorteplaats van Rosen (1934) en van Hutchins (1899)","chapters":[1]},{"id":"chernihiv","name":"Tsjernigov (Tsjernihiv)","lat":51.4982,"lon":31.2893,"role":"geboorteplaats van Rashevsky (1899)","chapters":[1]},{"id":"kyiv","name":"Kiev","lat":50.4501,"lon":30.5234,"role":"Rashevsky studeert en promoveert in de theoretische natuurkunde","chapters":[1]},{"id":"istanbul","name":"Constantinopel (Istanbul)","lat":41.0082,"lon":28.9784,"role":"Rashevsky doceert aan Robert College (1920–1921)","chapters":[1]},{"id":"praag","name":"Praag","lat":50.0755,"lon":14.4378,"role":"Rashevsky aan de Russische universiteit in ballingschap (1921–1924)","chapters":[1]},{"id":"pittsburgh","name":"Pittsburgh","lat":40.4406,"lon":-79.9959,"role":"Rashevsky bij Westinghouse; 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antÉ-instituut van Nadin vanaf 2004","chapters":[12]},{"id":"trento","name":"Trento","lat":46.0748,"lon":11.1217,"role":"Roberto Poli, hoofdredacteur van Anticipation Science","chapters":[12]},{"id":"bochum","name":"Bochum","lat":51.4818,"lon":7.2162,"role":"Matthew Sims, anticiperende modellen (2023)","chapters":[12]},{"id":"boekarest","name":"Boekarest","lat":44.4268,"lon":26.1025,"role":"studie en promotie van Nadin","chapters":[12]},{"id":"munchen","name":"München","lat":48.1508,"lon":11.5803,"role":"habilitatie van Nadin (1980)","chapters":[12]}],"persons":[{"id":"rosen","name":"Robert Rosen","born":1934,"died":1998,"role":"theoretisch bioloog; promovendus van Rashevsky","chapters":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]},{"id":"rashevsky","name":"Nicolas Rashevsky","born":1899,"died":1972,"role":"fysicus, grondlegger van de wiskundige biofysica en de relationele biologie; voorzitter van het Committee on Mathematical Biology","chapters":[1,2,4,7,9]},{"id":"landahl","name":"Herbert D. Landahl","born":1913,"died":null,"role":"eerste gepromoveerde van de groep (1941); secretaris en waarnemend voorzitter van het Committee","chapters":[1,4]},{"id":"householder","name":"Alston S. Householder","born":null,"died":null,"role":"vroege medewerker van Rashevsky (1937)","chapters":[1]},{"id":"weinberg","name":"Alvin M. Weinberg","born":null,"died":null,"role":"vroege medewerker van Rashevsky (1937)","chapters":[1]},{"id":"pitts","name":"Walter Pitts","born":1923,"died":1969,"role":"autodidact logicus; bezocht Rashevsky's seminars; co-auteur van McCulloch–Pitts 1943","chapters":[1,7]},{"id":"mcculloch","name":"Warren S. McCulloch","born":1898,"died":1969,"role":"neurofysioloog; co-auteur van 1943; verdedigde het Committee in Science (1956)","chapters":[1,7]},{"id":"rapoport","name":"Anatol Rapoport","born":1911,"died":2007,"role":"wiskundige; lid van het Committee (1946/47–1954); medeoprichter Society for General Systems Research","chapters":[1,2,4]},{"id":"hutchins","name":"Robert Maynard Hutchins","born":1899,"died":1977,"role":"president/kanselier Universiteit van Chicago 1929–1951; stichter van het Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions (1959)","chapters":[1,2,11]},{"id":"beadle","name":"George W. Beadle","born":1903,"died":1989,"role":"geneticus, Nobelprijs 1958; president Universiteit van Chicago 1961–1968","chapters":[1]},{"id":"bertalanffy","name":"Ludwig von Bertalanffy","born":1901,"died":1972,"role":"bioloog, medeoprichter Society for General Systems Research (1954)","chapters":[1,2]},{"id":"eilenberg","name":"Samuel Eilenberg","born":1913,"died":1998,"role":"wiskundige; medestichter categorieëntheorie (1945)","chapters":[1,9,11,12]},{"id":"maclane","name":"Saunders Mac Lane","born":1909,"died":2005,"role":"wiskundige; medestichter categorieëntheorie (1945)","chapters":[1,9,12]},{"id":"von_neumann","name":"John von Neumann","born":1903,"died":1957,"role":"wiskundige; theorie van zelfreproducerende automaten","chapters":[1,7,9]},{"id":"lofgren","name":"Lars Löfgren","born":null,"died":null,"role":"systeemtheoreticus; antwoordde in 1968 op Rosens paradox van 1959","chapters":[1,7]},{"id":"kampis","name":"George Kampis","born":1958,"died":null,"role":"Hongaars theoretisch bioloog en wetenschapsfilosoof","chapters":[1,4]},{"id":"schrodinger","name":"Erwin Schrödinger","born":1887,"died":1961,"role":"fysicus; What is Life? (1944)","chapters":[1,3,7,11]},{"id":"aristoteles","name":"Aristoteles","born":-384,"died":-322,"role":"filosoof; leer van de vier oorzaken","chapters":[1,2,3,4,5,9,10,12]},{"id":"louie","name":"Aloisius H. Louie","born":null,"died":null,"role":"leerling van Rosen; bron voor diens Chicagose jaren","chapters":[1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12]},{"id":"mikulecky","name":"Donald C. Mikulecky","born":null,"died":null,"role":"fysioloog; uitlegger van Rosens werk","chapters":[1,3,4,5,6,11]},{"id":"nadin","name":"Mihai Nadin","born":null,"died":null,"role":"anticipatie-onderzoeker; schreef de Prolegomena bij Anticipatory Systems (2012)","chapters":[1,2,3,4,11,12]},{"id":"danielli","name":"James Frederic Danielli","born":1911,"died":1984,"role":"celbioloog, FRS 1957; directeur van het Center for Theoretical Biology","chapters":[2]},{"id":"pattee","name":"Howard H. Pattee","born":1926,"died":null,"role":"natuurkundige en theoretisch bioloog; Buffalo 1971–1975, Binghamton 1975–1998","chapters":[2,4,10,11]},{"id":"goel","name":"Narendra S. Goel","born":null,"died":null,"role":"wiskundig bioloog; collega van Rosen in het Center for Theoretical Biology","chapters":[2]},{"id":"ycas","name":"Martynas Yčas","born":null,"died":null,"role":"collega in het Center for Theoretical Biology (door Rosen genoemd)","chapters":[2]},{"id":"klir","name":"George J. Klir","born":1932,"died":2016,"role":"systeemtheoreticus in Binghamton; redacteur International Journal of General Systems (vanaf 1974)","chapters":[2,3,4,11,12]},{"id":"judith_rosen","name":"Judith Rosen","born":null,"died":null,"role":"dochter van Rosen; uitlegger van de theorie van anticiperende systemen","chapters":[2,3,4,11,12]},{"id":"newton","name":"Isaac Newton","born":1643,"died":1727,"role":"natuurkundige; reactief causaliteitsbeeld","chapters":[2,3,6,11,12]},{"id":"descartes","name":"René Descartes","born":1596,"died":1650,"role":"filosoof; verbanning van de doeloorzaken","chapters":[2,6,12]},{"id":"spinoza","name":"Baruch de Spinoza","born":1632,"died":1677,"role":"filosoof; afwijzing van de doeloorzaken (Ethica I, aanhangsel)","chapters":[2,4,5,6,9,11]},{"id":"richardson","name":"I.W. Richardson","born":null,"died":null,"role":"co-auteur van Theoretical Biology and Complexity (1985)","chapters":[3]},{"id":"teramoto","name":"Ei Teramoto","born":null,"died":1996,"role":"hoogleraar, Universiteit van Kyoto; mathematische biologie","chapters":[3]},{"id":"shigesada","name":"Nanako Shigesada","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Japanse wiskundig bioloog, medewerker van Teramoto","chapters":[3]},{"id":"kineman","name":"John J. Kineman","born":null,"died":null,"role":"bijdrager aan de tweede druk van Anticipatory Systems (2012)","chapters":[3,4,5,11]},{"id":"minch","name":"Eric Minch","born":null,"died":null,"role":"recensent van de eerste druk (1986)","chapters":[3]},{"id":"turing","name":"Alan Turing","born":1912,"died":1954,"role":"Turingmachine; maatstaf in Rosens niet-simuleerbaarheidsstelling","chapters":[3,4,7,8,9,10]},{"id":"abraham","name":"Tara H. 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of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People","author":"schank","year":1982,"note":36,"chapter":12},{"title":"Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding","author":"schank","year":1977,"note":37,"chapter":12},{"title":"MIND – Anticipation and Chaos","author":"nadin","year":1991,"note":18,"chapter":12},{"title":"Anticipation – a spooky computation","author":"nadin","year":1999,"note":23,"chapter":12},{"title":"More Than Life Itself: A Synthetic Continuation in Relational Biology","author":"louie","year":2009,"note":7,"chapter":12},{"title":"Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems","author":"louie","year":2010,"note":4,"chapter":12},{"title":"Anticipation and dynamics: Rosen's anticipation in the perspective of time","author":"nadin","year":2010,"note":19,"chapter":12},{"title":"Some thoughts on A.H. Louie's More Than Life Itself","author":"gutierrez","year":2010,"note":13,"chapter":12},{"title":"Rich evidence: anticipation research in progress","author":"nadin","year":2012,"note":28,"chapter":12},{"title":"The Reflection of Life: Functional Entailment and Imminence in Relational Biology","author":"louie","year":2013,"note":9,"chapter":12},{"title":"Anticipation: Learning from the Past (red.)","author":"nadin","year":2015,"note":29,"chapter":12},{"title":"Anticipation Across Disciplines (red.)","author":"nadin","year":2016,"note":30,"chapter":12},{"title":"Anticipation and Medicine (red.)","author":"nadin","year":2017,"note":30,"chapter":12},{"title":"Introduction to Anticipation Studies","author":"poli","year":2017,"note":31,"chapter":12},{"title":"Intangible Life: Functorial Connections in Relational Biology","author":"louie","year":2017,"note":10,"chapter":12},{"title":"Handbook of Anticipation (red.)","author":"poli","year":2019,"note":32,"chapter":12},{"title":"Mathematical foundations of anticipatory systems","author":"louie","year":2019,"note":15,"chapter":12},{"title":"Basic biological anticipation","author":"hofmeyr","year":2019,"note":32,"chapter":12},{"title":"Many paths to anticipatory behavior","author":"sims","year":2023,"note":34,"chapter":12},{"title":"The cell as a semiotic system that realizes closure to efficient causation","author":"vega","year":2024,"note":35,"chapter":12}],"concepts":[{"term":"wiskundige biofysica","explanation":"Rashevsky's programma om biologische processen (diffusie, celdeling, zenuwprikkeling) met de wiskunde van de natuurkunde te beschrijven.","chapter":1},{"term":"relationele biologie","explanation":"Door Rashevsky in 1954 ingezette benadering die de relaties tussen de functies van een organisme bestudeert, los van de stof die ze draagt; door Rosen voortgezet.","chapter":1},{"term":"(M,R)-systeem","explanation":"Metabolism-repair system: Rosens model (1958) van een organisme waarin metabolisme, herstel van de katalysatoren en herstel van de herstellers een gesloten kringloop vormen.","chapter":1},{"term":"categorieëntheorie","explanation":"Wiskunde van objecten en structuurbehoudende afbeeldingen (pijlen) en van vertalingen tussen zulke stelsels (functoren), ingevoerd door Eilenberg en Mac Lane (1945); Rosens taal vanaf 1958.","chapter":1},{"term":"zelfreproducerende automaat","explanation":"Von Neumanns idee van een machine die met een beschrijving van zichzelf een kopie bouwt; Rosen wees in 1959 op een logische paradox in de formulering.","chapter":1},{"term":"optimaliteitsprincipe","explanation":"Het beginsel dat een organisme zijn functies vervult met een minimum aan middelen; in de lijn van Rashevsky uitgewerkt in Rosens boek van 1967.","chapter":1},{"term":"anticiperend systeem","explanation":"Een natuurlijk systeem dat een voorspellend model van zichzelf en zijn omgeving bevat en zijn toestand nu aanpast aan wat dat model over later voorspelt (Rosens definitie volgens Louie).","chapter":2},{"term":"reactief systeem","explanation":"Systeem waarvan de toestand straks alleen door de toestand en de inwerkingen nu wordt bepaald; het causaliteitsbeeld van de natuurkunde sinds Newton.","chapter":2},{"term":"modelleerrelatie","explanation":"De verhouding tussen een natuurlijk systeem en een formeel systeem dat er een model van is: vertalen, afleiden en terugvertalen levert hetzelfde als de causale ontwikkeling van het natuurlijke systeem.","chapter":2},{"term":"epistemische snede en semantische sluiting","explanation":"Begrippen van Howard Pattee voor de grens tussen beschrijving en beschrevene en voor een systeem dat zijn eigen symbolen maakt en leest.","chapter":2},{"term":"Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions","explanation":"Denktank in Santa Barbara (1959–1987), gesticht door Hutchins, waar fellows dagelijks maatschappelijke vraagstukken bespraken.","chapter":2},{"term":"complex systeem","explanation":"Bij Rosen een systeem met functionele componenten die niet één op één met materiële delen samenvallen, en dat niet door één model uitgeput kan worden; tegenover het eenvoudige systeem of mechanisme.","chapter":3},{"term":"sluiting onder efficiënte oorzaak","explanation":"Eigenschap van een organisme dat al zijn werkende oorzaken zelf voortbrengt; in Life Itself het kenmerk dat organismen van machines onderscheidt.","chapter":3},{"term":"niet-simuleerbaarheid","explanation":"Rosens stelling dat een (M,R)-systeem, en dus een organisme, geen berekenbaar model heeft dat het volledig vat; sinds 2006 omstreden.","chapter":3},{"term":"Killam-hoogleraarschap","explanation":"Onderzoeksleerstoel aan Dalhousie University, die Rosen vanaf 1975 tot zijn pensioen bekleedde.","chapter":3},{"term":"organisatorische invariantie","explanation":"Bij Letelier e.a. (2006): de eigenschap van een (M,R)-systeem dat zijn organisatie bewaard blijft terwijl de componenten worden vervangen; geformuleerd als vastpuntvergelijking.","chapter":4},{"term":"metabole sluiting","explanation":"De toestand waarin een metabool netwerk zijn eigen katalysatoren voortbrengt; gemeenschappelijke kern van Rosens (M,R)-systemen en de autopoiese.","chapter":4},{"term":"zelf-fabricage","explanation":"Hofmeyrs uitwerking van Rosens sluiting tot een model van de cel waarin elke afbeelding met een werkelijk cellulair proces overeenkomt.","chapter":4},{"term":"berekenbaarheidsdebat","explanation":"Het debat (2002–heden) over Rosens stelling dat systemen gesloten onder efficiënte oorzaak geen berekenbare modellen hebben.","chapter":4},{"term":"lambdacalculus","explanation":"Formalisme van Church voor berekenbare functies; door Mossio, Longo en Stewart gebruikt om sluiting onder efficiënte oorzaak berekenbaar uit te drukken.","chapter":4},{"term":"aitia","explanation":"Grieks woord voor oorzaak, eigenlijk ‘verklaring’ of ‘dat wat verantwoordelijk is’; antwoord op de vraag waarom (dia ti).","chapter":5},{"term":"stoffelijke oorzaak","explanation":"Dat waaruit iets ontstaat en wat erin blijft, zoals het brons van het beeld; bij Rosen de invoer van een afbeelding.","chapter":5},{"term":"vormende oorzaak","explanation":"De vorm of het wezen van een ding; bij Hofmeyr het voorafgaande model dat een ding verwerkelijkt.","chapter":5},{"term":"werkende oorzaak","explanation":"De eerste bron van verandering, zoals de vader van het kind; bij Rosen de afbeelding zelf, bijvoorbeeld een enzym.","chapter":5},{"term":"doeloorzaak","explanation":"Datgene omwille waarvan iets gebeurt, zoals gezondheid voor het wandelen; door Spinoza afgewezen, door Rosen als functie teruggebracht.","chapter":5},{"term":"hypothetische noodzaak","explanation":"Aristoteles' term voor stoffelijke processen die noodzakelijk zijn gegeven het doel dat ze dienen (Physica II.9).","chapter":5},{"term":"conatus","explanation":"Spinoza's streven van elk ding om in zijn bestaan te volharden (Ethica III, st. 6–7).","chapter":5},{"term":"sluiting onder werkende oorzaak","explanation":"Rosens criterium: een systeem is een organisme als de werkende oorzaken van zijn onderdelen binnen het systeem worden voortgebracht.","chapter":5},{"term":"functionele afleiding","explanation":"Rosens functional entailment: een onderdeel wordt voortgebracht door zijn functie in het geheel; een vorm van doeloorzakelijkheid (Life Itself, p. 134).","chapter":5},{"term":"anticiperend systeem","explanation":"Systeem met een intern voorspellend model dat het huidige gedrag stuurt; Rosens wetenschappelijke vorm van finaliteit.","chapter":5},{"term":"machinemetafoor","explanation":"De opvatting, teruggaand op Descartes, dat een organisme een machine is en verschilt van een kunstmatige machine in gradatie, niet in soort.","chapter":6},{"term":"newtoniaans paradigma","explanation":"Rosens term voor de verklaringswijze in toestanden en bewegingswetten, waarin geen plaats is voor doeloorzaken.","chapter":6},{"term":"fractioneerbaarheid","explanation":"Bij Rosen de eigenschap van mechanismen dat ze in onderdelen kunnen worden opgedeeld en weer opgebouwd; organismen missen die.","chapter":6},{"term":"natuurdoel (Naturzweck)","explanation":"Bij Kant een ding dat oorzaak en gevolg van zichzelf is: een georganiseerd en zichzelf organiserend wezen (KdU §§ 64–65).","chapter":6},{"term":"vormende kracht (bildende Kraft)","explanation":"Kants zichzelf voortplantende kracht van het organisme, tegenover de bewegende kracht van een machine.","chapter":6},{"term":"innerlijke doelmatigheid","explanation":"Doelmatigheid van de delen voor het geheel binnen een organisme, tegenover uiterlijke doelmatigheid tussen natuurdingen.","chapter":6},{"term":"regulatief principe","explanation":"Bij Kant een leidraad voor onderzoek, geen bewering over hoe de natuur werkelijk is; zo behandelt hij het natuurdoel.","chapter":6},{"term":"aperiodiek kristal","explanation":"Schrödingers voorstel voor het erfelijk materiaal: een regelmatige structuur die zich niet herhaalt en veel informatie kan vastleggen.","chapter":7},{"term":"negatieve entropie","explanation":"Schrödingers uitdrukking voor de orde die een organisme uit zijn omgeving opneemt om verval tegen te gaan.","chapter":7},{"term":"McCulloch–Pitts-neuron","explanation":"Een neuron als logische drempelschakeling die vuurt of niet vuurt; netwerken ervan berekenen logische uitdrukkingen.","chapter":7},{"term":"universele constructor","explanation":"Von Neumanns machine die uit elke beschrijving de beschreven machine bouwt; met een kopieerapparaat voor de beschrijving maakt ze zelfreproductie mogelijk.","chapter":7},{"term":"cellulaire automaat","explanation":"Rooster van cellen met een eindig aantal toestanden die allemaal dezelfde regels volgen; bij von Neumann 29 toestanden.","chapter":7},{"term":"terugkoppeling","explanation":"Het bijsturen van gedrag op grond van het verschil tussen toestand en doel; kern van de cybernetica.","chapter":7},{"term":"cybernetica","explanation":"Wieners wetenschap van besturing en communicatie in dier en machine (1948).","chapter":7},{"term":"autopoiese","explanation":"Maturana en Varela: een netwerk van processen dat zijn eigen onderdelen en grens voortbrengt.","chapter":7},{"term":"Rosens paradox (1959)","explanation":"Het bezwaar dat de wiskundige formulering van een zelfreproducerende automaat een functie vereist die tot haar eigen domein behoort.","chapter":7},{"term":"eerste onvolledigheidsstelling","explanation":"In elk consistent formeel systeem met elementaire rekenkunde zijn er uitspraken die bewezen noch weerlegd kunnen worden.","chapter":8},{"term":"tweede onvolledigheidsstelling","explanation":"Zo'n consistent systeem kan zijn eigen consistentie niet bewijzen.","chapter":8},{"term":"Turingmachine","explanation":"Idealisering van een rekenaar: band, leeskop, eindig veel toestanden en een regeltabel.","chapter":8},{"term":"universele Turingmachine","explanation":"Machine die het programma van elke andere Turingmachine kan lezen en nabootsen.","chapter":8},{"term":"these van Church (Church-Turing)","explanation":"Elke effectieve berekening kan door een Turingmachine worden uitgevoerd; oorspronkelijk over menselijk rekenwerk.","chapter":8},{"term":"fysische these van Church","explanation":"De verdergaande bewering dat geen fysisch proces meer kan berekenen dan een Turingmachine; door Rosen in 1962 geformuleerd en voor de biologie betwijfeld.","chapter":8},{"term":"eenvoudig en complex systeem","explanation":"Bij Rosen: eenvoudig als alle modellen simuleerbaar (Turing-berekenbaar) zijn; complex als er ten minste één niet-simuleerbaar model is.","chapter":8},{"term":"impredicativiteit","explanation":"Definitie die verwijst naar een geheel waartoe het gedefinieerde zelf behoort; volgens Rosens school kenmerk van organismen.","chapter":8},{"term":"Lucas-Penrose-argument","explanation":"Het betoog dat Gödels stelling bewijst dat de menselijke geest geen machine is; door de meeste logici afgewezen.","chapter":8},{"term":"categorie","explanation":"Een verzameling objecten met pijlen ertussen die kunnen worden samengesteld, met voor elk object een identiteitspijl; een object wordt gekend door zijn pijlen.","chapter":9},{"term":"functor","explanation":"Een vertaling van de ene categorie naar de andere die objecten, pijlen en samenstelling bewaart.","chapter":9},{"term":"natuurlijke transformatie","explanation":"Een verband tussen twee functoren waarbij het niet uitmaakt of men eerst vertaalt en dan vergelijkt of omgekeerd: het diagram commuteert.","chapter":9},{"term":"commuterend diagram","explanation":"Een schema van pijlen waarin alle wegen tussen dezelfde twee punten hetzelfde resultaat geven.","chapter":9},{"term":"relationele biologie","explanation":"Rashevsky's benadering die organismen beschrijft door hun functies en de verbanden daartussen, los van de stof waarin ze zijn uitgevoerd.","chapter":9},{"term":"metrische biologie","explanation":"De kant van de theoretische biologie die meet en rekent: grootten, snelheden, concentraties.","chapter":9},{"term":"abstract blokschema","explanation":"Rosens voorstelling van een organisme als componenten (pijlen) tussen soorten invoer en uitvoer (objecten), opgevat als deel van de categorie van verzamelingen.","chapter":9},{"term":"biotopologie","explanation":"Rashevsky's voorstel (1954) om organismen als grafen van functies te beschrijven, afgeleid uit één oergraaf.","chapter":9},{"term":"(M,R)-systeem","explanation":"Rosens metabolisme-herstelsysteem: een kring van stofwisseling (f), herstel (Φ) en replicatie (β) waarin elke werkende oorzaak binnen het systeem wordt voortgebracht.","chapter":10},{"term":"sluiting onder efficiënte oorzaak","explanation":"Eigenschap van een systeem waarin elke werkende (efficiënte) oorzaak door het systeem zelf wordt gemaakt; open voor stof, gesloten voor werkende oorzaak.","chapter":10},{"term":"efficiënte oorzaak","explanation":"Bij Aristoteles dat wat iets teweegbrengt; bij Rosen de afbeelding (het enzym) die invoer in uitvoer omzet.","chapter":10},{"term":"eenvoudig en complex systeem","explanation":"Bij Rosen: eenvoudig als alle modellen door een Turingmachine te simuleren zijn, complex als er ten minste één niet te simuleren model is.","chapter":10},{"term":"organisatorische invariantie","explanation":"Term van Letelier e.a. voor Rosens replicatie: het netwerk behoudt zijn verbindingen terwijl de onderdelen worden vervangen.","chapter":10},{"term":"evaluatieafbeelding","explanation":"Afbeelding die bij een vast punt b nagaat wat elke functie daar oplevert; Rosen identificeerde β met haar omkering.","chapter":10},{"term":"autopoiese","explanation":"Maturana en Varela (1972): een begrensd netwerk van processen dat voortdurend het netwerk voortbrengt dat het heeft voortgebracht.","chapter":10},{"term":"lambda-calculus","explanation":"Rekentaal van Church waarin functies functies als invoer en uitvoer hebben; gebruikt door Mossio, Longo en Stewart om sluiting berekenbaar uit te drukken.","chapter":10},{"term":"cartesisch gesloten categorie","explanation":"Categorie waarin de afbeeldingen tussen twee objecten zelf een object vormen.","chapter":10},{"term":"sluiting van beperkingen","explanation":"Montévil en Mossio (2015): een organisatie waarin de beperkingen die processen sturen elkaar wederzijds in stand houden.","chapter":10},{"term":"fabricage-assemblagesysteem","explanation":"Hofmeyrs celmodel (2021): ribosomen fabriceren, het celinterieur assembleert; gesloten onder efficiënte oorzaak, open voor stof en vorm.","chapter":10},{"term":"epistemische snede","explanation":"Pattee: de scheiding tussen symbolen (zoals de genetische code) en de stoffelijke processen die ze sturen.","chapter":10},{"term":"impredicativiteit","explanation":"Een definitie die verwijst naar het geheel waartoe het gedefinieerde behoort; in Rosens lijn een kenmerk van levende organisatie.","chapter":10},{"term":"anticiperend systeem","explanation":"Een systeem waarvan de huidige toestand wordt bepaald door een voorspelde toekomstige toestand; het bevat een voorspellend model van zichzelf en/of zijn omgeving.","chapter":11},{"term":"reactief paradigma","explanation":"Regeling door terugkoppeling: corrigeren nadat een afwijking is opgetreden.","chapter":11},{"term":"S, M en E","explanation":"Rosens drieslag: het systeem (S), het voorspellende model dat sneller loopt dan S (M), en de effectoren (E) die op S ingrijpen.","chapter":11},{"term":"modelleerrelatie","explanation":"Verband tussen een natuurlijk systeem en een formeel systeem via codering en decodering; een model als het diagram van causale en inferentiële gevolgtrekking commuteert.","chapter":11},{"term":"causale en inferentiële gevolgtrekking","explanation":"Het overgaan van toestand in toestand in de natuur, en het afleiden van uitspraak uit uitspraak in een formeel systeem.","chapter":11},{"term":"simulatie en model","explanation":"Een simulatie geeft dezelfde uitkomsten; een model weerspiegelt ook de structuur van de gevolgtrekking. Simulatie beschrijft, model verklaart.","chapter":11},{"term":"observabele","explanation":"Een meetbare grootheid van een natuurlijk systeem; elke codering begint bij een keuze van observabelen.","chapter":11},{"term":"analoge systemen","explanation":"Verschillende natuurlijke systemen met een gemeenschappelijk model.","chapter":11},{"term":"relationele biologie","explanation":"De school van Rashevsky en Rosen, voortgezet door Louie: levende systemen beschreven door hun organisatie van functies, los van hun stof.","chapter":12},{"term":"anticipatiewetenschap","explanation":"Het onderzoeksveld dat na Rosen en Nadin ontstond rond systemen die handelen op grond van voorspelde of mogelijke toekomsten.","chapter":12},{"term":"Nadins definitie van anticipatie","explanation":"De huidige toestand wordt bepaald door vroegere toestanden en door mogelijke toekomstige toestanden; een uitbreiding van Rosens definitie.","chapter":12},{"term":"script","explanation":"Bij Schank en Abelson: een kennisstructuur voor een stereotiepe gebeurtenis, die verwachtingen geeft.","chapter":12},{"term":"verwachtingsfout (expectation failure)","explanation":"Bij Schank: het falen van een verwachting, dat aanleiding geeft tot verklaren, bijstellen en leren.","chapter":12},{"term":"case-based reasoning","explanation":"Redeneren door nieuwe problemen op te lossen met aangepaste eerdere gevallen; gebaseerd op Schanks dynamische geheugen.","chapter":12},{"term":"vrijdenker","explanation":"In deze reeks: iemand die een collectieve verwachting van zijn tijd en vakgebied doorbreekt en er een nieuw beeld tegenover zet.","chapter":12}],"connections":[{"from":"rashevsky","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Promotor en leermeester; promotie 1959","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"rashevsky","to":"landahl","kind":"spoor","label":"Eerste promovendus (1941); door Rashevsky gewenste opvolger","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"rashevsky","to":"rapoport","kind":"spoor","label":"Rapoport lid van het Committee (1946/47–1954)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"rashevsky","to":"pitts","kind":"spoor","label":"Pitts bezoekt Rashevsky's seminars","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"mcculloch","to":"pitts","kind":"spoor","label":"Samen 'A Logical Calculus' (1943), gepubliceerd in Rashevsky's Bulletin","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"mcculloch","to":"rashevsky","kind":"spoor","label":"Verdedigt het Committee in Science (1956)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"rapoport","to":"bertalanffy","kind":"spoor","label":"Medeoprichters Society for General Systems Research (1954)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"hutchins","to":"rashevsky","kind":"spoor","label":"Rashevsky werkt in Chicago onder president/kanselier Hutchins (1934–1951)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"beadle","to":"rashevsky","kind":"spoor","label":"Conflict over opvolging; Rashevsky treedt af (1964)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"eilenberg","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Rosen past in 1958 de categorieëntheorie van Eilenberg en Mac Lane (1945) toe","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"maclane","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Rosen past in 1958 de categorieëntheorie van Eilenberg en Mac Lane (1945) toe","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"von_neumann","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Rosen bekritiseert in 1959 het begrip zelfreproducerende automaat","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"rosen","to":"lofgren","kind":"spoor","label":"Löfgren antwoordt in 1968 op Rosens paradox","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"schrodinger","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Schrödingers vraag 'What is Life?' als Rosens leidende vraag","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"aristoteles","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Rosen gebruikt de vier oorzaken (vooral na Chicago uitgewerkt)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"rosen","to":"brooklyn","kind":"spoor","label":"Geboren in Brownsville, Brooklyn","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"hutchins","to":"brooklyn","kind":"spoor","label":"Geboren in Brooklyn (1899)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":1},{"from":"danielli","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Directeur van het Center for Theoretical Biology waar Rosen werkte (ca. 1964–1975)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"pattee","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Collega's in het Center for Theoretical Biology (1971–1975); door Rosen bedankt in Anticipatory Systems","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"goel","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Collega in het Center for Theoretical Biology; door Rosen bedankt","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"ycas","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Collega in het Center for Theoretical Biology; door Rosen bedankt","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"bertalanffy","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Beiden verbonden aan het Center for Theoretical Biology in Buffalo (1969–1972)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"klir","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Klir publiceert Rosen in het International Journal of General Systems (1974) en redigeert de reeks van Anticipatory Systems","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"hutchins","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Rosen Visiting Fellow aan Hutchins' Center; erkent in het voorwoord van Anticipatory Systems een schuld aan Hutchins","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"rashevsky","to":"rosen","kind":"spoor","label":"Rosen noemt Rashevsky in het voorwoord van Anticipatory Systems zijn leraar","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"rosen","to":"judith_rosen","kind":"afstamming","label":"Vader en dochter","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":2},{"from":"pattee","to":"rosen","kind":"echo","label":"Semantische sluiting (Pattee) en sluiting onder efficiënte oorzaak (Rosen): verwante begrippen, overdracht niet aangetoond","status":"hypothese","chapter":2},{"from":"aristoteles","to":"rosen","kind":"echo","label":"Anticipatie als hernieuwde, causaal onschuldige plaats voor de doeloorzaak","status":"waarschijnlijk","chapter":2},{"from":"spinoza","to":"rosen","kind":"echo","label":"Spinoza's afwijzing van de doeloorzaken als achtergrond van Rosens herwaardering (zie hoofdstuk 5)","status":"hypothese","chapter":2},{"from":"rosen","to":"louie","kind":"spoor","label":"Promotor van Louie (Dalhousie, 1981)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":3},{"from":"rosen","to":"richardson","kind":"spoor","label":"Samen in Theoretical Biology and Complexity (1985)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":3},{"from":"rosen","to":"klir","kind":"spoor","label":"Opeenvolgende presidenten van de Society for General Systems Research (1980, 1981)","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":3},{"from":"rosen","to":"teramoto","kind":"spoor","label":"Bezoek aan Teramoto's groep in Kyoto (ca. 1984) en uitnodiging symposium 1985","status":"gedocumenteerd","chapter":3},{"from":"rosen","to":"judith_rosen","kind":"afstamming","label":"Vader en dochter; 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Rosen, voorwoord bij Anticipatory Systems (1985), over het Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions; vertaald","chapter":2},{"text":"De vader is oorzaak van het kind.","source":"Aristoteles, Physica II.3 (vert. Hardie en Gaye)","chapter":5},{"text":"Zoals de lucht regent, niet om het koren te laten groeien, maar uit noodzaak.","source":"Aristoteles, Physica II.8, de tegenwerping (vert. Hardie en Gaye)","chapter":5},{"text":"De natuur heeft geen doel dat haar is voorgesteld, en alle doeloorzaken zijn niets dan menselijke verzinsels.","source":"Spinoza, Ethica I, aanhangsel (naar de vertaling van Bennett)","chapter":5},{"text":"Wat in werkelijkheid oorzaak is, beschouwt zij als gevolg, en omgekeerd wat gevolg is als oorzaak.","source":"Spinoza, Ethica I, aanhangsel (naar Bennett)","chapter":5},{"text":"De grotten en fonteinen in de koninklijke tuinen.","source":"Descartes, Traité de l'homme (naar de vertaling van MacDonald Ross)","chapter":6},{"text":"Onvergelijkelijk beter georganiseerd … maar toch een machine.","source":"Descartes, Discours de la méthode, deel V (naar Bennett)","chapter":6},{"text":"Een ding bestaat als natuurdoel als het (zij het in tweeërlei zin) zowel oorzaak als gevolg van zichzelf is.","source":"Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft § 64","chapter":6},{"text":"In een horloge brengt het ene rad het andere niet voort.","source":"Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft § 65 (naar Ginsborg)","chapter":6},{"text":"Een georganiseerd en zichzelf organiserend wezen.","source":"Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft § 65","chapter":6},{"text":"Het is ongerijmd te hopen dat er ooit een Newton zal opstaan die zelfs de voortbrenging van een grasspriet begrijpelijk maakt.","source":"Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft § 75 (naar Bernard)","chapter":6},{"text":"Purpose controlled by feed-back.","source":"Rosenblueth, Wiener en Bigelow, Philosophy of Science 10 (1943), p. 23","chapter":7},{"text":"When can a molecule be a gene?","source":"Rosens vraag volgens Mikulecky's bespreking van Essays on Life Itself","chapter":7},{"text":"Following W. Pitts and W.S. MacCulloch","source":"Von Neumann, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (1945), § 4.2","chapter":7},{"text":"Mathematics is not a finished object.","source":"MacTutor over Gödels onvolledigheidsstellingen","chapter":8},{"text":"A system is simple if all its models are simulable.","source":"Rosens definitie volgens Siekmann (2017)","chapter":8},{"text":"Life is not an algorithm.","source":"Rosens conclusie volgens Abramsky e.a. (2025)","chapter":8}],"sources":[{"note":1,"citation":"rosenlife.org, ‘About’ (geboren 27 juni 1934 in Brownsville, Brooklyn); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518 ‘Robert Rosen’. De Virtual International Authority File (VIAF, record 1208769) noemt naast Brooklyn ook Rochester als geboorteplaats; geen andere geraadpleegde bron doet dat. Over Rochester als plaats van overlijden: hoofdstuk 3.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":1},{"note":2,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Nicolas Rashevsky’ (geboren 9 november 1899 in Tsjernigov); T.H. Abraham, ‘Nicolas Rashevsky's Mathematical Biophysics’, *Journal of the History of Biology* 37/2 (2004), 333–385. D.S. Hoffmann, ‘The dawn of mathematical biology’ (arXiv:1511.01455) noemt september 1899; de maand is daarom weggelaten.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Rashevsky","chapter":1},{"note":3,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2): doctoraat in de theoretische natuurkunde in Kiev, 1919. Wikipedia (noot 2): studie theoretische natuurkunde aan de St.-Vladimiruniversiteit in Kiev.","url":"https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/2004/abraham2004a.pdf","chapter":1},{"note":4,"citation":"Hoffmann (noot 2); Wikipedia (noot 2).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.01455","chapter":1},{"note":5,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2); Wikipedia (noot 2): in 1917 bij de witte marine.","chapter":1},{"note":6,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2): Robert College, Constantinopel, 1920–1921; Russische universiteit in Praag, 1921–1924; immigratie naar de VS eind 1924. Wikipedia (noot 2): 1920 Constantinopel (‘American College’), 1921 Praag, 1924 aankomst in de VS.","url":"https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/2004/abraham2004a.pdf","chapter":1},{"note":7,"citation":"Hoffmann (noot 2) noemt 1927.","chapter":1},{"note":8,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2); Wikipedia (noot 2); Hoffmann (noot 2).","chapter":1},{"note":9,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2); Hoffmann (noot 2) dateert de ‘two-factor’-theorie van de prikkeling op 1933.","chapter":1},{"note":10,"citation":"Society for Mathematical Biology, ‘History of the Society’ (smb.org), over *Mathematical Biophysics* (1938) als eerste werk dat de wiskundige biologie op het niveau van de wiskundige natuurkunde bracht; Abraham (noot 2). Wikipedia (noot 2) noemt D'Arcy Thompsons *On Growth and Form* (1917) als inspiratie; dat is bij gebrek aan tweede bron weggelaten.","url":"https://smb.org/History-of-the-Society","chapter":1},{"note":11,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2): komst naar Chicago april 1934 als Special Fellow van de General Education Board (Rockefeller); volgens Abraham was hij in maart 1934 bij Westinghouse ontslagen (geen tweede bron, daarom niet in de tekst). Wikipedia (noot 2) en Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’: Rockefeller-beurs, 1934.","chapter":1},{"note":12,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (1934); Abraham (noot 2) (januari 1935).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Mathematical_Biology","chapter":1},{"note":13,"citation":"University of Chicago, Office of the President, ‘Robert Maynard Hutchins, 1929–1951’ (president.uchicago.edu); Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Robert M. Hutchins’ (de laatste zes jaar als kanselier); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Maynard Hutchins’ (president 1929–1945, kanselier 1945–1951).","url":"https://president.uchicago.edu/directory/robert-maynard-hutchins","chapter":1},{"note":14,"citation":"Britannica (noot 13); Wikipedia (noot 13).","url":"https://www.britannica.com/print/article/277638","chapter":1},{"note":15,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2) over de wisselende onderbrenging bij psychologie en fysiologie.","chapter":1},{"note":16,"citation":"Wikipedia (noot 2); Abraham (noot 2); P. Cull, ‘Nicolas Rashevsky: Mathematical Biophysicist’, in R. Moreno-Díaz e.a. (red.), *Computer Aided Systems Theory – EUROCAST 2017*, LNCS 10671 (Cham: Springer, 2018), 33–40 (literatuurlijst).","url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74718-7_5","chapter":1},{"note":17,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2): januari 1939 afspraak met L.L. Thurstone over publicatie als supplement bij *Psychometrika*; vanaf zomer 1940 bij University of Chicago Press. Wikipedia (noot 2); Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’.","chapter":1},{"note":18,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Society for Mathematical Biology’; Cull (noot 16) over de latere naam *Bulletin of Mathematical Biology*.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Mathematical_Biology","chapter":1},{"note":19,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2) (1937: Landahl, Householder en Weinberg); Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (1937: Householder, Landahl, Weinberg).","chapter":1},{"note":20,"citation":"Online Archive of California, ‘Landahl (Herbert D.) Papers, 1947–88’, biografische notitie (geboren 23 april 1913 in Fancheng, China; PhD wiskundige biofysica Chicago 1941; secretaris van het Committee 1948–1964, waarnemend voorzitter 1964–1968); Wikipedia (noot 2) en Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (Landahl als eerste promovendus).","url":"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5x0nb4mg/admin/","chapter":1},{"note":21,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2): ‘Section on Mathematical Biophysics’ in de afdeling fysiologie, 1940–1947. Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (1940; Landahl als eerste gepromoveerde). Dat het het eerste promotieprogramma ter wereld was, staat alleen op Wikipedia en is weggelaten.","chapter":1},{"note":22,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2); Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’; *The Michigan Daily*, april 1964 (zie noot 58), die vermeldt dat Rashevsky het Committee sinds 1947 voorzat.","chapter":1},{"note":23,"citation":"W.S. McCulloch en W. Pitts, ‘A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 5/4 (1943), 115–133. Vermeld in Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’, in Wikipedia (noot 2) en in Hoffmann (noot 2).","chapter":1},{"note":24,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (Pitts als tiener-autodidact bij de seminars); Hoffmann (noot 2) (Pitts kwam eind jaren dertig bij de groep).","chapter":1},{"note":25,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Anatol Rapoport’ (geboren 22 mei 1911 in Lozova, Russische Rijk; bij het Committee 1947–1954); Encyclopædia Universalis, ‘Rapoport Anatol (1911–2007)’ (geboren 22 mei 1911 in Lozovaja; in 1947 plaatsvervanger van Rashevsky in het Committee); anatolrapoport.net (‘vanaf 1946’). Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ noemt hem in 1949 als assistant professor.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport","chapter":1},{"note":26,"citation":"Wikipedia (noot 2) (wiskundige sociologie; in 1948 nam Rapoport Rashevsky's cursus over, wat niet in een tweede bron is bevestigd en daarom is weggelaten).","chapter":1},{"note":27,"citation":"Wikipedia (noot 2); Cull (noot 16), literatuurlijst (*Mathematical Theory of Human Relations*, 1947).","chapter":1},{"note":28,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Anatol Rapoport’; anatolrapoport.net; Wikipedia, ‘International Society for the Systems Sciences’ (in 1954 bedacht, in 1955/56 van start, aan het Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_Systems_Sciences","chapter":1},{"note":29,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2), met verwijzing naar R. Rosen, *Life Itself* (1991), 111; Hoffmann (noot 2).","chapter":1},{"note":30,"citation":"N. Rashevsky, ‘Topology and life: In search of general mathematical principles in biology and sociology’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 16 (1954). Vermeld in Hoffmann (noot 2) en in de bibliografie bij ‘Taped Interview With Robert Rosen: 1997’ op de site van D.C. Mikulecky (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm).","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm","chapter":1},{"note":31,"citation":"Abraham (noot 2) (anti-mechanistisch, functie boven materie); Hoffmann (noot 2) (term ‘relational biology’).","chapter":1},{"note":32,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (Rosen schreef de term ‘relational’ aan Rashevsky toe); A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’, *Foresight* 12/3 (2010), 18–29 (Rashevsky noemde de functiegerichte benadering ‘relational biology’).","url":"https://whitside.org/images/docs/LouieRRAS2010.pdf","chapter":1},{"note":33,"citation":"University of Chicago (noot 13); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Maynard Hutchins’. Abraham (noot 2) verbindt de latere bezuinigingen met Hutchins' opvolger L.A. Kimpton en noemt, op gezag van Rosen, het House Un-American Activities Committee; beide punten hebben geen tweede bron en zijn weggelaten.","chapter":1},{"note":34,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (1953–54: beschuldigingen, weigering, budgetkorting, twee NIH-subsidies vervallen, van acht naar drie leden); Abraham (noot 2), met verwijzing naar Rosens herinneringen (House Un-American Activities Committee; in juni 1953 zeven voltijds en één deeltijds lid, teruggebracht tot drie).","chapter":1},{"note":35,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Anatol Rapoport’ (Michigan 1955–1970, stichtend lid van het Mental Health Research Institute); anatolrapoport.net (een van de eerste drie stafleden van het MHRI).","url":"https://anatolrapoport.net/?p=1146","chapter":1},{"note":36,"citation":"Zie noot 5. Abraham (noot 2) citeert ook een brief van McCulloch uit februari 1955 waarin hij de beschuldiging afwijst; die is bij gebrek aan tweede bron niet opgenomen.","chapter":1},{"note":37,"citation":"W.S. McCulloch e.a., ‘Committee on Mathematical Biology’, *Science* 123/3198 (1956), 725. Abraham (noot 2) dateert de publicatie op 27 april 1956 en noemt acht ondertekenaars; Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (1956, acht wetenschappers onder wie McCulloch).","chapter":1},{"note":38,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html): ‘mid-1950s to mid-1960s’ bij het Committee; M. Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’, in R. Rosen, *Anticipatory Systems*, 2e druk (New York: Springer, 2012): 1957. Over Rosens opleiding vóór Chicago konden geen twee onafhankelijke bronnen worden gevonden; daarover is niets opgenomen.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html","chapter":1},{"note":39,"citation":"R. 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Leeftijd nagerekend: 25 jaar.","url":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=110048","chapter":1},{"note":42,"citation":"rosenlife.org (noot 1) (ontwikkeling van de (M,R)-systemen in Chicago); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; J.-C. Letelier e.a., ‘Organizational invariance and metabolic closure: Analysis in terms of (M,R) systems’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 238 (2006), 949–961. Zie hoofdstuk 10.","url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/119103","chapter":1},{"note":43,"citation":"Rosen (noot 40), samenvatting op de Springer-pagina: begrippen categorie en functor van Eilenberg en MacLane (1945); neuraal netwerk en eindige automaat als voorbeelden. S. Eilenberg en S. Mac Lane, ‘General theory of natural equivalences’, *Transactions of the American Mathematical Society* 58 (1945).","chapter":1},{"note":44,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, ongedateerd overzichtsstuk ‘Robert Rosen’ op people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html (Rosen begon ‘as early as 1958’); D.C. Mikulecky, ‘Robert Rosen: the well-posed question and its answer – why are organisms different from machines?’, *Systems Research and Behavioral Science* 17/5 (2000), 419–432 (over de vraag ‘wat is leven?’ als Rosens leidende vraag).","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html","chapter":1},{"note":45,"citation":"rosenlife.org (noot 1).","chapter":1},{"note":46,"citation":"rosenlife.org (noot 1); J.-H. Hofmeyr, ‘How the Cell Makes Itself’, KLI-colloquium, 18 mei 2017 (kli.ac.at) (Rosens formalisering van de vier oorzaken van Aristoteles); Letelier e.a. (noot 42).","url":"https://www.kli.ac.at/en/events/kli_colloquia/view/396","chapter":1},{"note":47,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘On a logical paradox implicit in the notion of a self-reproducing automaton’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 21 (1959). Aangehaald in Löfgren (noot 48) en Kampis (noot 49).","chapter":1},{"note":48,"citation":"L. 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Leeftijd nagerekend: in 1964 werd Rosen dertig.","url":"https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/39518","chapter":1},{"note":1,"citation":"rosenlife.org, ‘About’; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (‘full associate professor’, gezamenlijke aanstelling in het Center for Theoretical Biology); encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518 (na 1964). Zie ook noot 5.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":2},{"note":2,"citation":"Center for Theoretical Biology, *Annual Report for 1967*, NASA-subsidie 33-015-016, State University of New York at Buffalo, Faculty of Health Sciences (NASA Technical Reports Server, 19680007617): ‘Director, J. F. Danielli’. A.H. Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html): ‘under James F. 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Umerez, ‘Howard Pattee's theoretical biology: a radical epistemological stance to approach life, evolution and complexity’, *BioSystems* 60 (2001), 159–177 (trefwoorden: epistemic cut, semantic closure); Wikipedia, ‘Howard H. 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Nadin, ‘Anticipation and dynamics: Rosen's anticipation in the perspective of time’, *International Journal of General Systems* 39/1 (2010), 3–33 (eerste nummer 1974).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Klir","chapter":2},{"note":14,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Anticipation in (M,R)-systems’, *International Journal of General Systems* 41/1 (2012), auteursversie op ahlouie.com; Nadin 2010 (noot 13).","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-amr-2012.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":15,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (reeks onder redactie van George Klir); J. Rosen, ‘Robert Rosen's Anticipatory Systems Theory: The Science of Life and Mind’, *Mathematics* 10/22 (2022), 4172, literatuurlijst (tweede druk, ‘G. Klir (red.)’).","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/22/4172","chapter":2},{"note":16,"citation":"R. Rosen, *Dynamical System Theory in Biology*, vol. 1: *Stability Theory and Its Applications* (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1970), Wiley-Interscience Series on Biomedical Engineering, xi + 302 blz. Catalogus CiNii (NCID BA03492131); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (1970, Wiley Interscience); S. Stepney, boekenlijst (www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44).","url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA03492131?l=en","chapter":2},{"note":17,"citation":"R. Rosen (red.), *Foundations of Mathematical Biology*, 3 delen (New York: Academic Press, 1972–1973). Catalogi: Universiteit van Patras (1972–1973); Marmot Library Network (deel 1 *Subcellular systems*, deel 2 *Cellular systems*; v. 1–3). Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 2): driedelig, Academic Press, 1972–73.","url":"https://find.library.upatras.gr/Record/40034?lng=en","chapter":2},{"note":18,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Nicolas Rashevsky’ (overleden 16 januari 1972); Wikipedia, ‘Society for Mathematical Biology’ (januari 1972); P. Cull, ‘The mathematical biophysics of Nicolas Rashevsky’, *BioSystems* 88 (2007), 178–184 (1899–1972). Zie hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Rashevsky","chapter":2},{"note":19,"citation":"rosenlife.org, ‘About’ (‘In 1970, he took a year-long sabbatical at Robert Hutchins' Center’); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (1970); encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518 (1970; afgeleid van Wikipedia).","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":2},{"note":20,"citation":"Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’ (noot 7) (‘during the 1971–72 academic year, when he was a Visiting Fellow’); Nadin 2010 (noot 13) (1971–1972).","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD","chapter":2},{"note":21,"citation":"Louie 2012 (noot 14) (‘Visiting Fellow’ in het academisch jaar 1971–1972).","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-amr-2012.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":22,"citation":"Nadin 2010 (noot 13) en Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’ (noot 7), beide met een citaat uit Rosen 1985: de ‘original germinal ideas’ ontstonden ‘in 1972, when the author was in residence’ aan het Center.","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD","chapter":2},{"note":23,"citation":"Louie 2012 (noot 14).","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-amr-2012.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":24,"citation":"Rosen, voorwoord bij *Anticipatory Systems* (noot 7): ‘first forced to confront the nature of anticipatory behavior’; vertaling in de tekst. Ook aangehaald door Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’ (noot 7).","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":25,"citation":"Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions’ (opgericht 1959 in Santa Barbara door Hutchins); Wikipedia, ‘Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions’ (1959, Hutchins); Dalhousie University Archives, authority record ‘Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions’ (findingaids.library.dal.ca).","url":"https://www.britannica.com/print/article/569978","chapter":2},{"note":26,"citation":"University of Chicago, Office of the President, ‘Robert Maynard Hutchins, 1929–1951’ (voorzitter Fund for the Republic 1954; onderwerpen o.a. burgerrechten en persvrijheid; Center 1959 op een landgoed bij Santa Barbara); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Maynard Hutchins’ (Fund for the Republic, 1954); Britannica, ‘Robert M. Hutchins’ (president van het Fund vanaf 1954). Dalhousie University Archives (noot 25): het Center kwam voort uit het Basic Issues-programma van het Fund. Britannica (noot 25): Fund for the Republic in 1952 opgericht.","url":"https://president.uchicago.edu/directory/robert-maynard-hutchins","chapter":2},{"note":27,"citation":"Britannica (noot 25) (onderwerpen: technologie, ecologie, media, minderheden- en grondwettelijke rechten, wereldvrede); Dalhousie University Archives (noot 25) (dagelijkse ‘Dialogues’ van senior en bezoekende fellows; *Center Magazine* en *Center Report*); University of Chicago (noot 26) (residents en gasten bespraken position papers).","url":"https://findingaids.library.dal.ca/center-for-the-study-of-democratic-institutions-1","chapter":2},{"note":28,"citation":"Britannica, ‘Robert M. Hutchins’ (overleden 14 mei 1977 in Santa Barbara); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Maynard Hutchins’ (idem); Dalhousie University Archives (noot 25) (na Hutchins' dood verbonden met UC Santa Barbara; in 1987 definitief gesloten); Wikipedia, ‘Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions’ (gesloten 1987). Britannica (noot 25) vermeldt de reorganisatie van 1979 en een verhuizing naar Los Angeles in 1988.","url":"https://www.britannica.com/print/article/277638","chapter":2},{"note":29,"citation":"Louie 2012 (noot 14).","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-amr-2012.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":30,"citation":"Nadin 2010 (noot 13).","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD","chapter":2},{"note":31,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘Planning, management, policies and strategies: four fuzzy concepts’, *International Journal of General Systems* 1 (1974). Louie 2012 (noot 14); Nadin 2010 (noot 13) en Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’ (noot 7).","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-amr-2012.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":32,"citation":"Louie 2012 (noot 14). Nadin (noot 31) noemt het artikel een vroege stap in het onderzoek naar anticipatie.","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-amr-2012.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":33,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’, *Foresight* 12/3 (2010), 18–29; Louie 2012 (noot 14). Parafrase.","url":"https://whitside.org/images/docs/LouieRRAS2010.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":34,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’; J. Rosen 2022 (noot 15) over het verschil tussen een model en het systeem waarvan het een model is.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems","chapter":2},{"note":35,"citation":"J. Rosen, ‘Robert Rosen's Anticipatory Systems Theory: The Art and Science of Thinking Ahead’, *Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the ISSS* (Brisbane, 2009); J. Rosen 2022 (noot 15).","url":"https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/article/view/1249","chapter":2},{"note":36,"citation":"J. Rosen 2009 (noot 35).","url":"https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/article/view/1249","chapter":2},{"note":37,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’ (noot 33); J. Rosen 2022 (noot 15) (Section 1, over het diagram van de modelleerrelatie). Parafrase; zie hoofdstuk 11.","url":"https://whitside.org/images/docs/LouieRRAS2010.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":38,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (de eerste vijf hoofdstukken); Louie 2010 (noot 33).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems","chapter":2},{"note":39,"citation":"R. 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Louie 2010 (noot 33) noemt het boek (1978).","url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00170707","chapter":2},{"note":40,"citation":"*Report for 1969* (noot 6); *Annual Report for 1967* (noot 2); over Bertalanffy als medegrondlegger van de algemene systeemtheorie: Wikipedia, ‘Ludwig von Bertalanffy’, en Wikipedia, ‘International Society for the Systems Sciences’ (medeoprichter); zie ook noot 12.","url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19700019505/downloads/19700019505.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":41,"citation":"*Annual Report for 1967* (noot 2).","url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19680007617/downloads/19680007617.pdf","chapter":2},{"note":42,"citation":"Louie 2012 (noot 14) en Nadin 2010 (noot 13) (tijdschrift); CiNii en Texas A&M (noot 39) (North-Holland Series in General Systems Research); Masaryk-universiteit Brno, catalogus (*Anticipatory Systems*, Pergamon, Oxford 1985, International Series on Systems Science and Engineering, deel 1) en Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’ (noot 7) (eerste deel van de reeks).","url":"https://katalog.muni.cz/Record/MUB01000342009/Details","chapter":2},{"note":43,"citation":"International Society for the Systems Sciences, ‘Past presidents’ (isss.org): Robert Rosen, 1980; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (1980–81). 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Rosen, *Anticipatory Systems*, 2e druk (New York: Springer, 2012) (Killam-hoogleraarschap in Dalhousie, 1975).","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":4,"citation":"R. Rosen, voorwoord bij *Anticipatory Systems* (Oxford: Pergamon, 1985), herdrukt in de 2e druk (2012), geraadpleegd via de online tekst (crealectics.com); ook aangehaald door Nadin (noot 3). Parafrase.","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":5,"citation":"R. Rosen, *Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems* (New York: North-Holland, 1978), North-Holland Series in General Systems Research, xvii + 221 blz. Catalogi: CiNii (NCID BA00170707); Texas A&M University Libraries.","url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00170707","chapter":3},{"note":6,"citation":"Nadin (noot 3); M. 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Zie hoofdstuk 2 en 11.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems","chapter":3},{"note":13,"citation":"E. Minch, bespreking van *Anticipatory Systems*, *International Journal of General Systems* (1986). Vermeld in Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’, en in de literatuurlijst van Nadin 2010 (noot 6).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems","chapter":3},{"note":14,"citation":"J. Rosen, voorwoord bij de 2e druk van *Anticipatory Systems* (online tekst, noot 4) (haar vader beschouwde het als zijn belangrijkste werk); J. Rosen, ‘Robert Rosen's Anticipatory Systems Theory: The Science of Life and Mind’, *Mathematics* 10/22 (2022), 4172 (de theorie als zijn belangrijkste bijdrage).","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/22/4172","chapter":3},{"note":15,"citation":"Louie 2010 (noot 7); A.H. Louie, ‘Anticipation in (M,R)-systems’, *International Journal of General Systems* 41/1 (2012), auteursversie op ahlouie.com. Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 2): in 1979 ‘his new graduate student at Dalhousie University’.","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-amr-2012.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":16,"citation":"Mathematics Genealogy Project, ‘Aloisius H. Louie’ (id 133444): Ph.D. Dalhousie 1981, *Categorical System Theory*, promotor Robert Rosen; Springer, auteursbiografie bij A.H. Louie, *The Reflection of Life* (New York: Springer, 2013) (PhD 1981 bij Rosen in Dalhousie); Louie 2012 (noot 15).","url":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=133444","chapter":3},{"note":17,"citation":"R. Rosen (red.), *Theoretical Biology and Complexity: Three Essays on the Natural Philosophy of Complex Systems* (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985), xi + 210 blz. CiNii (NCID BA00641370), met de titels van de drie essays; Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 2) (1985, met I.W. Richardson en Louie); Nadin 2010 (noot 6) (Rosens essay ‘Organisms as causal systems which are not mechanisms’, 1985).","url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00641370?l=en","chapter":3},{"note":18,"citation":"International Society for the Systems Sciences, ‘Past presidents’ (isss.org): Robert Rosen, 1980; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (1980–81). Over de oprichting: hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://www.isss.org/past-presidents","chapter":3},{"note":19,"citation":"ISSS, ‘Past presidents’ (noot 18) (Klir 1981); Wikipedia, ‘George Klir’ (president 1981–1982).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Klir","chapter":3},{"note":20,"citation":"rosenlife.org, ‘About’ (foto, bezoek aan de groep van Ei Teramoto aan de Universiteit van Kyoto, ca. 1984).","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":3},{"note":21,"citation":"N. Shigesada, persoonlijke terugblik in de nieuwsbrief van de Society for Mathematical Biology, *SMB Newsletter* 27/3 (archive.smb.org): lijst van uitgenodigde deskundigen voor het International Symposium on Mathematical Biology, Kyoto 1985, met ‘R. Rosen’.","url":"https://archive.smb.org/publications/newsletter/bios/vol27no3_shigesada.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":22,"citation":"Shigesada (noot 21) (‘Prof. Ei Teramoto’, Kyoto; laboratorium voor mathematische biologie; overleden februari 1996); rosenlife.org (noot 20) (groep van Teramoto, Kyoto University). Data over Teramoto's loopbaan steunen alleen op Shigesada en zijn weggelaten.","url":"https://archive.smb.org/publications/newsletter/bios/vol27no3_shigesada.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":23,"citation":"Nadin (noot 3) (‘his stint in Kyoto’). Nadin noemt ook een jaar in Arlington (Texas); daarvoor is geen tweede bron gevonden.","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":24,"citation":"R. Rosen, *Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life* (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). WorldCat (OCLC 23386523); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; Louie 2010 (noot 7).","url":"https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23386523","chapter":3},{"note":25,"citation":"rosenlife.org (noot 20); J. Rosen 2022 (noot 14) noemt het in de literatuurlijst.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":3},{"note":26,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, ‘Robert Rosen: the well-posed question and its answer – why are organisms different from machines?’, *Systems Research and Behavioral Science* 17/5 (2000), 419–432 (gegevens via Crossref); D.C. 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Letelier e.a., ‘Organizational invariance and metabolic closure: Analysis in terms of (M,R) systems’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 238 (2006), 949–961 (Rosens motto dat organismen gesloten zijn onder efficiënte oorzaken); J.-H. Hofmeyr, ‘How the Cell Makes Itself’, KLI-colloquium, 18 mei 2017 (Rosens formalisering van de vier oorzaken van Aristoteles).","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":29,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (‘main result’ van *Life Itself*: (M,R)-systemen niet door Turingmachines te simuleren); D. Chu en W.K. Ho, ‘A category theoretical argument against the possibility of artificial life: Robert Rosen's central proof revisited’, *Artificial Life* 12/1 (2006), 117–134 (PubMed 16393453); M.L. 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Iberall Distinguished Lecture (‘the late Robert Rosen, Killam Research Professor of Physiology and Biophysics at Dalhousie University’). Wikipedia en encyclopedia.pub noemen een vervroegd pensioen in 1994, maar die twee teksten zijn van elkaar afgeleid; omdat een onafhankelijke tweede bron ontbreekt, staan jaar en vervroeging hier niet in de tekst.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":3},{"note":34,"citation":"Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 2) (‘after a prolonged illness’); Mikulecky, bespreking (noot 32) (‘a long illness’). Mikulecky noemt ook de aard van de ziekte; die is bij gebrek aan tweede bron weggelaten.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html","chapter":3},{"note":35,"citation":"rosenlife.org (noot 20) (‘June 27, 1934–December 28, 1998’); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub (noot 1); Wikiquote, ‘Robert Rosen’.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":3},{"note":36,"citation":"Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 2): ‘died on Wednesday, December 30, 1998 in Halifax, after a prolonged illness’. Wikipedia (noot 35), literatuurlijst (een biografische bron met 30 december 1998). Weekdagen nagerekend met een kalender: 28-12-1998 maandag, 30-12-1998 woensdag. Leeftijd nagerekend: 64 jaar.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html","chapter":3},{"note":37,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (Rochester, New York); Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 2) (Halifax).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":3},{"note":38,"citation":"rosenlife.org (noot 20) (geen plaats van overlijden; Rosen Enterprises in Rochester in de colofon); J. Rosen 2022 (noot 14) (affiliatie Rosen Enterprises, Rochester, NY).","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":3},{"note":39,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (overleefd door zijn vrouw, een dochter, Judith, en twee zonen); J. Rosen 2022 (noot 14) (Judith Rosen als dochter); Springer, pagina van de 2e druk van *Anticipatory Systems* (een addendum van ‘zijn dochter’). Het aantal zonen steunt op één bron en is weggelaten.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":3},{"note":40,"citation":"R. Rosen, *Essays on Life Itself* (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), Complexity in Ecological Systems Series, x + 361 blz. Catalogus University of the Aegean; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (2000, Columbia University Press); S. Stepney, boekenlijst (www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44).","url":"https://vufind2.lib.aegean.gr/Record/118564/Details?print=1","chapter":3},{"note":41,"citation":"Mikulecky, bespreking (noot 32) (het boek was bij Rosens dood in productie; welsprekend spreker). De bespreking schatte de verschijning op november 1999; de catalogi noemen 2000.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosrev.html","chapter":3},{"note":42,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub (noot 1). Afgeleide teksten; als weergave vermeld.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":3},{"note":43,"citation":"D.C. 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Wikipedia en encyclopedia.pub (literatuurlijst); Nadin 2010 (noot 6) (verwijzing naar Rosen 2006a).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":3},{"note":48,"citation":"Springer (noot 39) (addendum met persoonlijke herinneringen); inhoudsopgave van de 2e druk (online tekst, noot 4): addendum ‘Autobiographical Reminiscences’.","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":49,"citation":"T.H. Abraham, ‘Nicolas Rashevsky's Mathematical Biophysics’, *Journal of the History of Biology* 37/2 (2004), 333–385, die ‘Rosen, n.d.’ als bron aanhaalt (o.a. over de beschuldigingen van 1953–1954). Dat het om dezelfde tekst gaat als de uitgave van 2006 is waarschijnlijk maar niet bevestigd. Zie hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/2004/abraham2004a.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":50,"citation":"Springer, *Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations*, 2e druk (New York: Springer, 2012), IFSR International Series in Systems Science and Systems Engineering, vol. 1, lx + 472 blz. (eBook ISBN 978-1-4614-1269-4); Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (2012, Springer).","url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-1269-4","chapter":3},{"note":51,"citation":"Springer (noot 50); Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (‘with contributions by Judith Rosen, John J. Kineman, and Mihai Nadin’); online tekst van de 2e druk (noot 4), titelpagina.","url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-1269-4","chapter":3},{"note":52,"citation":"Springer (noot 50) (addendum met persoonlijke herinneringen en een kort verhaal van zijn dochter); online tekst (noot 4) (voorwoord bij de tweede druk door Judith Rosen).","url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-1269-4","chapter":3},{"note":53,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (‘fifty-page prolegomena’); online tekst (noot 4).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems","chapter":3},{"note":54,"citation":"Springer (noot 50) (nieuw hoofdstuk over de ontologie van anticipatie; slothoofdstuk ‘Relational Science: Towards a Unified Theory of Nature’); Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (Kineman als bijdrager).","url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-1269-4","chapter":3},{"note":55,"citation":"Louie 2010 (noot 7) en Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (Louie's artikel in *Foresight*, juni 2010). Dat Nadin aan de University of Texas in Dallas het instituut antÉ leidt, staat alleen in een bericht van die universiteit (23 maart 2011) en is weggelaten.","url":"https://whitside.org/images/docs/LouieRRAS2010.pdf","chapter":3},{"note":1,"citation":"R. Rosen, voorwoord bij *Anticipatory Systems* (1985), in de online tekst van de 2e druk (crealectics.com); Mathematics Genealogy Project, ‘Robert Rosen’ (id 110048) (promotor Rashevsky); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (Rosen schreef de term ‘relational’ aan Rashevsky toe); A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’, *Foresight* 12/3 (2010), 18–29.","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":2,"citation":"Online Archive of California, ‘Landahl (Herbert D.) Papers, 1947–88’ (waarnemend voorzitter 1964–1968); Wikipedia, ‘Committee of Mathematical Biology’ (Landahl eerste gepromoveerde); Wikipedia, ‘Anatol Rapoport’ (Chicago 1947–1954, Michigan 1955–1970); anatolrapoport.net (Michigan, conflictonderzoek en experimentele spellen).","url":"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5x0nb4mg/admin/","chapter":4},{"note":3,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘International Society for the Systems Sciences’ (in 1954 bedacht door Bertalanffy, Gerard, Boulding en Rapoport); anatolrapoport.net (een van de vier oprichters, 1954); ISSS, ‘Past presidents’ (isss.org) (Rosen 1980).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_Systems_Sciences","chapter":4},{"note":4,"citation":"Society for Mathematical Biology, ‘History of the Society’ (smb.org) (opgericht door Karreman, Landahl en Bartholomay; 1973); Wikipedia, ‘Society for Mathematical Biology’ (Karreman en Landahl; 1972).","url":"https://smb.org/History-of-the-Society","chapter":4},{"note":5,"citation":"Mathematics Genealogy Project, ‘Robert Rosen’ (id 110048): Louie (Dalhousie, 1981). Zie noot 6. Hetzelfde register noemt een tweede promovendus, E. Andrew Foster (Dalhousie, 1987); bij gebrek aan een tweede bron is die niet in de tekst opgenomen.","url":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=110048","chapter":4},{"note":6,"citation":"Mathematics Genealogy Project, ‘Aloisius H. Louie’ (id 133444): Ph.D. Dalhousie 1981, *Categorical System Theory*, promotor Robert Rosen; Springer, auteursbiografie bij A.H. Louie, *The Reflection of Life* (New York: Springer, 2013). Over het begin in 1979: A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’, *Foresight* 12/3 (2010), 18–29, en A.H. Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html).","url":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=133444","chapter":4},{"note":7,"citation":"R. Rosen (red.), *Theoretical Biology and Complexity* (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985), met A.H. Louie, ‘Categorical system theory’ (CiNii, NCID BA00641370); Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 6).","url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00641370?l=en","chapter":4},{"note":8,"citation":"Springer, auteursbiografie bij A.H. Louie, *Intangible Life: Functorial Connections in Relational Biology* (Cham: Springer, 2017) (Ottawa; modellering en simulatie); Springer, *The Reflection of Life* (noot 6) (Ottawa; modellering en simulatie in biologie en natuurkunde); Louie 2010 (noot 6) (Ottawa). De biografie bij *Intangible Life* noemt ook een terugkeer in 2005 als onafhankelijk onderzoeker; dat is bij gebrek aan tweede bron weggelaten.","url":"https://link.springer.com/978-3-319-88021-1","chapter":4},{"note":9,"citation":"Springer, *Intangible Life* (noot 8) (derde boek, na *More Than Life Itself*, 2009, en *The Reflection of Life*, 2013); Springer, *The Reflection of Life* (noot 6) (vervolg op *More Than Life Itself*, 2009); C. Gutiérrez, S. Jaramillo en J. Soto-Andrade, ‘Some Thoughts on A. H. Louie's “More Than Life Itself: A Reflection on Formal Systems and Biology”’, *Axiomathes* 21 (2011), 439–454 (titel en ondertitel); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (Louie 2009, Ontos Verlag; 2013, Springer).","url":"https://link.springer.com/978-3-319-88021-1","chapter":4},{"note":10,"citation":"Springer, *Intangible Life* (noot 8): ‘in keeping with the school pioneered by Nicolas Rashevsky and Robert Rosen’; Louie 2010 (noot 6) (Rashevsky en de term relationele biologie).","url":"https://link.springer.com/978-3-319-88021-1","chapter":4},{"note":11,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘A Rosen etymology’, *Chemistry & Biodiversity* 4/10 (2007), 2296–2314 (PubMed 17955478, samenvatting).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17955478/","chapter":4},{"note":12,"citation":"Louie 2010 (noot 6); Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (Louie's ‘tutorial article’ in *Foresight*, juni 2010).","url":"https://whitside.org/images/docs/LouieRRAS2010.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":13,"citation":"A.H. 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Mikulecky, ‘Network thermodynamics and complexity: a transition to relational systems theory’, *Computers & Chemistry* 25/4 (2001), 369–391 (PubMed 11459352); Mikulecky, PPRISS3 (noot 17) (eigen werk in netwerkthermodynamica als uitbreiding van Rosens kader).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mikulecky+DC+Rosen","chapter":4},{"note":19,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, ‘Robert Rosen: the well-posed question and its answer – why are organisms different from machines?’, *Systems Research and Behavioral Science* 17/5 (2000), 419–432 (gegevens via Crossref; titel ook op Wikiwand/zoekresultaten).","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works?query.bibliographic=Robert+Rosen+well-posed+question+and+its+answer+Mikulecky&rows=2","chapter":4},{"note":20,"citation":"Mikulecky, PPRISS3 (noot 17); Mikulecky 2000 (noot 19), titel. Parafrase.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html","chapter":4},{"note":21,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, ‘Robert Rosen (1934–1998): a snapshot of biology's Newton’, *Computers & Chemistry* 25/4 (2001), 317–327 (PubMed 11459348); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mikulecky+Rosen+snapshot+biology%27s+Newton","chapter":4},{"note":22,"citation":"Mikulecky, bespreking (noot 17) (onderhoud van websites); Louie, ‘Rosen Requiem’ (noot 6), gepubliceerd op Mikulecky's website.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html","chapter":4},{"note":23,"citation":"M. Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’, in R. Rosen, *Anticipatory Systems*, 2e druk (New York: Springer, 2012) (online tekst, crealectics.com); Nadin 2010 (noot 24). University of Texas at Dallas, ‘Journal Honors Pioneering ATEC Professor's Work’ (23 maart 2011), noemt hem hoogleraar aldaar en directeur van antÉ, het Institute for Research in Anticipatory Systems; bij gebrek aan tweede bron niet in de tekst.","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":24,"citation":"M. Nadin, ‘Anticipation and dynamics: Rosen's anticipation in the perspective of time’, *International Journal of General Systems* 39/1 (2010), 3–33 (philarchive.org); Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (literatuurlijst). UT Dallas (noot 23) meldt dat het nummer geheel aan Nadins werk was gewijd en dat het artikel een prijs kreeg; bij gebrek aan tweede bron niet in de tekst.","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD","chapter":4},{"note":25,"citation":"Springer, 2e druk *Anticipatory Systems*; Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (‘fifty-page prolegomena’). Zie hoofdstuk 3.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems","chapter":4},{"note":26,"citation":"Springer (noot 25) (nieuw hoofdstuk over de ontologie van anticipatie; slothoofdstuk ‘Relational Science: Towards a Unified Theory of Nature’, met Kineman als medeauteur); Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (Kineman als bijdrager).","url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-1269-4","chapter":4},{"note":27,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘George Klir’ (oprichting tijdschrift 1974; president SGSR 1981–1982); ISSS, ‘Past presidents’ (isss.org) (Rosen 1980, Klir 1981); Nadin 2010 (noot 24) (Klir en de publicatie van *Fundamentals of Measurement*).","url":"https://www.isss.org/past-presidents","chapter":4},{"note":28,"citation":"Zie hoofdstuk 2: H.H. Pattee, curriculum vitae (binghamton.academia.edu); J. Umerez (noot 29); Wikipedia, ‘Howard H. Pattee’.","url":"https://binghamton.academia.edu/HowardPattee/CurriculumVitae","chapter":4},{"note":29,"citation":"J. Umerez, ‘Howard Pattee's theoretical biology: a radical epistemological stance to approach life, evolution and complexity’, *BioSystems* 60 (2001), 159–177 (casci.binghamton.edu); Wikipedia, ‘Howard H. Pattee’ (literatuurlijst: Umerez).","url":"https://casci.binghamton.edu/publications/pattee/umerez.html","chapter":4},{"note":30,"citation":"G. Kampis, *Self-Modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science: A New Framework for Dynamics, Information and Complexity* (Oxford: Pergamon, 1991), IFSR International Series on Systems Science and Engineering, deel 6 (catalogus University of the Aegean); Elsevier, productpagina (deel 6; auteur aan de Eötvös-universiteit, Boedapest). G. Kampis, curriculum vitae (hps.elte.hu): geboren 2 juni 1958 in Boedapest.","url":"https://vufind2.lib.aegean.gr/Record/135392?lng=en","chapter":4},{"note":31,"citation":"Elsevier (noot 30), beschrijving. Parafrase.","url":"https://shop.elsevier.com/books/self-modifying-systems-in-biology-and-cognitive-science/kampis/978-0-08-036979-2","chapter":4},{"note":32,"citation":"G. Kampis, ‘Computability, Self-Reference, and Self-Amendment’, *Communication and Cognition – Artificial Intelligence* 12/1–2, 91–109 (casci.binghamton.edu); zie hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://casci.binghamton.edu//publications/kampis.html","chapter":4},{"note":33,"citation":"J.-C. Letelier, J. Soto-Andrade, F. Guíñez Abarzúa, A. Cornish-Bowden en M.L. Cárdenas, ‘Organizational invariance and metabolic closure: Analysis in terms of (M,R) systems’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 238 (2006), 949–961. Repositorio Universidad de Chile (handle 2250/119103); auteursversie (pleiad.cl) met affiliaties (Universidad de Chile, Santiago; CNRS, Marseille).","url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/119103","chapter":4},{"note":34,"citation":"Repositorio Universidad de Chile (noot 33), samenvatting; auteursversie (noot 33). Parafrase.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":35,"citation":"Auteursversie (noot 33) (autopoiese als ‘another theory that posits metabolic closure as the core of biological organization’; voorstel tot combinatie); Gutiérrez e.a. 2011 (noot 9) (gemis van een gesprek met autopoiese en Varela).","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":36,"citation":"M.L. Cárdenas, J.-C. Letelier, C. Gutiérrez, A. Cornish-Bowden en J. Soto-Andrade, ‘Closure to efficient causation, computability and artificial life’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 263/1 (2010), 79–92 (PubMed 19962389); Repositorio Universidad de Chile (handle 2250/119040).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cardenas+Letelier+closure+efficient+causation+computability+artificial+life","chapter":4},{"note":37,"citation":"PubMed (noot 36), samenvatting. Parafrase.","url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/119040?show=full","chapter":4},{"note":38,"citation":"J.-H. Hofmeyr, ‘How the Cell Makes Itself: The Functional Organisation that Underlies Self-fabrication’, KLI-colloquium, Klosterneuburg, 18 mei 2017 (kli.ac.at; affiliatie Stellenbosch University, Zuid-Afrika); J.-H. Hofmeyr, ‘A biochemically-realisable relational model of the self-manufacturing cell’, preprint (bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.06.07.447371).","url":"https://www.kli.ac.at/en/events/kli_colloquia/view/396","chapter":4},{"note":39,"citation":"Hofmeyr 2017 (noot 38); Hofmeyr, preprint (noot 38) (de replicatie-afbeelding heeft geen duidelijke fysische realisatie). Parafrase.","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447371v2.full.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":40,"citation":"Hofmeyr, preprint (noot 38); Hofmeyr 2017 (noot 38) (alternatief diagram van de drie klassen van efficiënte biochemische oorzaak). Het preprint vermeldt geen auteursnaam in de geopende tekst; de toeschrijving steunt op de titel in de zoekresultaten en op de inhoudelijke overeenkomst met het colloquium. De eerdere preprintversie is van juni 2021.","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447371v2.full.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":41,"citation":"C. Landauer en K.L. Bellman, ‘Theoretical Biology: Organisms and Mechanisms’, *AIP Conference Proceedings* 627 (2002), 59–70 (pubs.aip.org; CASYS 2001, Luik); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (literatuurlijst).","url":"https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article-abstract/627/1/59/573629/Theoretical-Biology-Organisms-and-Mechanisms?redirectedFrom=fulltext","chapter":4},{"note":42,"citation":"AIP (noot 41), samenvatting. Parafrase.","url":"https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article-abstract/627/1/59/573629/Theoretical-Biology-Organisms-and-Mechanisms?redirectedFrom=fulltext","chapter":4},{"note":43,"citation":"D. Chu en W.K. Ho, ‘A category theoretical argument against the possibility of artificial life: Robert Rosen's central proof revisited’, *Artificial Life* 12/1 (2006), 117–134 (PubMed 16393453); University of Kent, School of Computing, publicatiepagina (cs.kent.ac.uk/pubs/2006/2694). De Kent-pagina's geven afwijkende nummer- en paginagegevens (12/4; 117–135 of 182–196); hier is PubMed gevolgd.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chu+Ho+category+theoretical+argument+artificial+life","chapter":4},{"note":44,"citation":"PubMed (noot 43), samenvatting; MIT Press, samenvatting (direct.mit.edu). Parafrase.","url":"https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/pubs/2006/2694/index.html","chapter":4},{"note":45,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘A living system must have noncomputable models’, *Artificial Life* 13/3 (2007), 293–297 (PubMed 17567248); D. Chu en W. Ho, ‘The localization hypothesis and machines’, *Artificial Life* 13/3 (2007), 299–302 (Kent Academic Repository, kar.kent.ac.uk/14607), dat naar Louie's stuk verwijst. Louie publiceerde in 2020 nog ‘Relational biology and Church's thesis’, *BioSystems* 197, 104179 (PubMed 32673630); dat is slechts in één bron gezien en niet in de tekst opgenomen.","url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/14607/","chapter":4},{"note":46,"citation":"M. Mossio, G. Longo en J. Stewart, ‘A computable expression of closure to efficient causation’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 257/3 (2009), 489–498 (Universiteit van Baskenland, onderzoeksportaal ekoizpen-zientifikoa.ehu.eus); Isidore.science (samenvatting).","url":"https://ekoizpen-zientifikoa.ehu.eus/documentos/5ef241aa2999526d9672059b?lang=en","chapter":4},{"note":47,"citation":"Isidore.science (noot 46), samenvatting. Parafrase. Over Church en de lambdacalculus: hoofdstuk 8.","url":"https://isidore.science/document/10670/1.ry83f4","chapter":4},{"note":48,"citation":"Gutiérrez, Jaramillo en Soto-Andrade (noot 9), Springer-pagina (DOI 10.1007/s10516-010-9118-8; deel 21, 439–454) en auteursversie (users.dcc.uchile.cl). De auteursversie vermeldt ontvangst en aanvaarding in 2010; het tijdschriftdeel is van 2011.","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/papers/thoughts-Louie.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":49,"citation":"Auteursversie (noot 48). Parafrase.","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/papers/thoughts-Louie.pdf","chapter":4},{"note":1,"citation":"Rosenlife.org, ‘About Robert Rosen’ (Rosens gebruik van Aristoteles' vier categorieën van oorzakelijkheid in Life Itself); I. Siekmann, ‘An applied mathematician's perspective on Rosennean Complexity’, arXiv:1705.03322 (2017), die Life Itself noemt als de plaats waar Rosen de vier aristotelische oorzaken in detail bespreekt.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":5},{"note":2,"citation":"Siekmann (noot 1): het onderscheid tussen eenvoudige en complexe systemen, en de toewijzing van stoffelijke oorzaken (de verzamelingen) en werkende oorzaken (de afbeeldingen) in (M,R)-systemen. R. Rosen, Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); gegevens: catalogus Kyushu University (xix, 285 blz.) en MNLink (inhoudsopgave).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":5},{"note":3,"citation":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), ‘Aristotle’ (geboren 384 v.Chr. in Stagira; Academie ca. 367–347; Lyceum 335; Peripatetici); MacTutor History of Mathematics, ‘Aristotle’ (Stagira; Academie 367–347; Lyceum 335).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/","chapter":5},{"note":4,"citation":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), ‘Aristotle’ (vader Nicomachus, lijfarts van koning Amyntas); MacTutor (noot 3) (Nicomachus, lijfarts van Amyntas III).","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/","chapter":5},{"note":5,"citation":"SEP (noot 3) (Assos; Lesbos; biologisch onderzoek; samenwerking met Theophrastus); MacTutor (noot 3) (Assos onder Hermias van Atarneus; begin van biologische studies; Lesbos).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aristotle/","chapter":5},{"note":6,"citation":"SEP (noot 3): in 343 naar Pella als leraar van de dertienjarige Alexander, vermoedelijk twee of drie jaar; MacTutor (noot 3): het verhaal over het onderwijs aan Alexander is ‘almost certainly a later invention’. De bronnen spreken elkaar hier tegen.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/","chapter":5},{"note":7,"citation":"SEP (noot 3) (vertrek uit Athene in 323, dood in Chalcis op Euboea in 322); MacTutor (noot 3) (dood in 322 in Chalcis, ongeveer 62 jaar oud). IEP (noot 4) noemt, naar Diogenes Laërtius, een leeftijd van 63. Nagerekend: 384 − 322 = 62.","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aristotle/","chapter":5},{"note":8,"citation":"SEP (noot 3), lijst van biologische werken; IEP (noot 4) over de rol van de biologie in Aristoteles' werk.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/","chapter":5},{"note":9,"citation":"SEP, ‘Aristotle on Causality’ (De partibus animalium I over de voorrang van de doeloorzaak; ‘er is een mens nodig om een mens voort te brengen’ als terugkerende formule).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/","chapter":5},{"note":10,"citation":"SEP, ‘Aristotle on Causality’ (Physica II.3 en Metaphysica V.2; Analytica posteriora I.2 en II.11; dia ti en dioti; het bronzen beeld); IEP (noot 4) (vier oorzaken met het voorbeeld van het bronzen beeld).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/","chapter":5},{"note":11,"citation":"Aristoteles, Physica II.3, Engelse vertaling R.P. Hardie en R.K. Gaye (MIT Internet Classics Archive); vertaald naar het Nederlands. De stukken over brons, vorm, ‘de vader is oorzaak van het kind’ en gezondheid als oorzaak van het wandelen.","url":"http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/physics.2.ii.html","chapter":5},{"note":12,"citation":"SEP, ‘Aristotle’ (noot 3): het noemen van alle vier oorzaken als noodzakelijk en voldoende, met uitzonderingen (toevalligheden); teleologie zonder ontwerp. SEP, ‘Aristotle on Causality’ (noot 9): de maansverduistering heeft geen doeloorzaak; de kunst als model.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/","chapter":5},{"note":13,"citation":"Aristoteles, Physica II.8, vert. Hardie en Gaye (noot 11) (‘zoals de lucht regent’; de tanden); SEP, ‘Aristotle on Causality’ (de regen, de tanden, en de verdediging van de doeloorzaak als beste verklaring).","url":"http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/physics.2.ii.html","chapter":5},{"note":14,"citation":"SEP, ‘Aristotle on Causality’ (Physica II.9: hypothetische noodzaak); IEP (noot 4) (teleologische verklaringen zijn voorwaardelijk noodzakelijk).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/","chapter":5},{"note":15,"citation":"IEP, ‘Baruch Spinoza’ (1632–1677; de manuscripten verschenen kort na zijn dood als Opera Posthuma); SEP, ‘Baruch Spinoza’ (dood in 1677; vrienden gaven de nagelaten geschriften uit). Zie Op weg met Spinoza, hoofdstukken 1 en 6.","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/spinoza/","chapter":5},{"note":16,"citation":"B. de Spinoza, Ethica I, aanhangsel, in de Engelse vertaling van J. Bennett (earlymoderntexts.com); vertaald naar het Nederlands. Oude tekst, ruimer geciteerd.","url":"https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/spinoza1665part1.pdf","chapter":5},{"note":17,"citation":"SEP, ‘Baruch Spinoza’ (geen doeloorzaken; vermenselijkend verzinsel; ‘Nature has no end set before it’; ‘All things proceed by a certain eternal necessity of nature’; ‘the sanctuary of ignorance’); Bennett (noot 16) vertaalt ‘the haven of ignorance’.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/","chapter":5},{"note":18,"citation":"Spinoza, Ethica III, stellingen 6 en 7; SEP, ‘Baruch Spinoza’ (conatus als ‘existential inertia’ en als wezen van elk ding).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/","chapter":5},{"note":19,"citation":"F. Vega, ‘An Integrated Account of Rosen's Relational Biology and Peirce's Semiosis. Part I: Components and Signs, Final Cause and Interpretation’, Biosemiotics 14/3 (2021), 697–716 (de vier oorzaken bij een afbeelding f: A → B; sluiting onder werkende oorzaak; functional entailment als vorm van doeloorzakelijkheid, Life Itself p. 134). Voor de sluitingsstelling ook: J.-C. Letelier e.a. (noot 20) en Siekmann (noot 1).","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-021-09441-z","chapter":5},{"note":20,"citation":"J.-C. Letelier, J. Soto-Andrade, F. Guíñez Abarzúa, A. Cornish-Bowden en M.L. Cárdenas, ‘Organizational invariance and metabolic closure: Analysis in terms of (M,R) systems’, Journal of Theoretical Biology 238 (2006), 949–961 (Rosens motto ‘Organisms are closed to efficient causes’); de gegevens ook in Siekmann (noot 1).","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":5},{"note":21,"citation":"Samenvatting van Life Itself, hoofdstuk 5, secties 5D, 5I en 5K, in een reeks berichten uit 1997 (‘LIFE ITSELF: Organism vs Mechanism, Part 4’, archief van de Extropians-lijst); de hoofdstuktitel ook in de inhoudsopgave bij MNLink (noot 2). Vega (noot 19) bevestigt functional entailment als vorm van doeloorzakelijkheid.","url":"https://diyhpl.us/~bryan/irc/extropians/extracted-extropians-archive/archive/9704/9197.html","chapter":5},{"note":22,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, toelichting op Rosens werk (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html): het newtoniaanse paradigma laat geen doeloorzaak toe; de vraag of het kind met het badwater is weggegooid; het verband tussen doeloorzaak en anticipatie. Zie ook rosenlife.org (noot 1) over Rosens kritiek op het machinebeeld, dat geen plaats laat voor functie.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html","chapter":5},{"note":23,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’, Foresight 12/3 (2010), 18–29 (samenvatting: causaliteit wordt niet geschonden, teleologie is een wezenlijk onderdeel van de wetenschap). R. Rosen, Anticipatory Systems (1985); zie hoofdstuk 11.","url":"https://www.emerald.com/fs/article-abstract/12/3/18/99950/Robert-Rosen-s-anticipatory-systems","chapter":5},{"note":24,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Functional entailment and immanent causation in relational biology’, Axiomathes 18/3 (2008), 289–302 (samenvatting: ontwikkeling van de aristotelische oorzakelijkheid). Dat de vier oorzaken in Rosens werk centraal staan, ook in Vega (noot 19).","url":"https://sdm.ophen.org/pub-173864","chapter":5},{"note":25,"citation":"J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, ‘Causation, constructors and codes’, BioSystems (2017), samenvatting op de website van het Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University (formele oorzaak ‘rather scant attention’); Hofmeyr (noot 26) herhaalt dat de vormende oorzaak in (M,R)-studies grotendeels ontbrak.","url":"https://www0.sun.ac.za/cst/?p=1877","chapter":5},{"note":26,"citation":"J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, ‘A biochemically-realisable relational model of the self-manufacturing cell’, bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.06.07.447371 (vormende oorzaak als het voorafgaande model dat een ding verwerkelijkt; Rosens formalisering van de vier oorzaken).","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447371v2.full.pdf","chapter":5},{"note":27,"citation":"J.J. Kineman, ‘Relational Science: A Synthesis’, Axiomathes 21/3 (2011), 393–437 (samenvatting: doel- en vormende oorzaak als relaties met de context). Rosens gebruik van de vier oorzaken als uitgangspunt van zulke herlezingen: Vega (noot 19) en Siekmann (noot 1).","url":"https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10516-011-9154-z","chapter":5},{"note":1,"citation":"Beschrijving van Life Itself door de uitgever (Columbia University Press, 1991), weergegeven op Powell's Books (powells.com, ISBN 9780231075657) en in de bespreking van J. Rekveld (joostrekveld.net, 2007): ‘the Cartesian metaphor’; Newtonse mechanica en reductionisme; het leven als ‘sweeping generalization’ van mechanisme.","url":"https://www.powells.com/book/-9780231075657","chapter":6},{"note":2,"citation":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), ‘René Descartes’ (geboren 31 maart 1596 in La Haye; dood 11 februari 1650); MacTutor History of Mathematics, ‘René Descartes’ (dood in Stockholm aan longontsteking, na de uitnodiging van koningin Christina in 1649).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/","chapter":6},{"note":3,"citation":"SEP (noot 2) (eind 1628 in de Nederlanden; inschrijving in Franeker april 1629; Le Monde teruggehouden na de veroordeling van Galilei); MacTutor (noot 2) (ca. 1628 naar Holland, ongeveer twintig jaar; Le Monde niet gepubliceerd na het nieuws over Galilei). Zie Op weg met Spinoza, hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/","chapter":6},{"note":4,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Treatise on Man’ (begonnen in de jaren 1630; Latijnse uitgave 1662 door Florent Schuyl, Franse uitgave 1664 door Claude Clerselier; het fonteinbeeld); SEP (noot 2) (Traité de l'homme postuum, 1664).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Man","chapter":6},{"note":5,"citation":"MacTutor (noot 2) (Discours in Leiden, 1637, met La Dioptrique, Les Météores en La Géométrie); SEP (noot 2) (1637, anoniem, met de drie essays); Op weg met Spinoza, hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/","chapter":6},{"note":6,"citation":"D.J. Nicholson, ‘Organisms ≠ Machines’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44 (2013), 669–678, p. 670 (de Traité als beschrijving van een denkbeeldige automaat; verschillen ‘a matter of degree, not of kind’) en p. 677 (citaat uit Life Itself over de cartesiaanse metafoor).","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NICO","chapter":6},{"note":7,"citation":"R. Descartes, Traité de l'homme, Engelse vertaling G. MacDonald Ross (faculty.umb.edu); vertaald naar het Nederlands. Het fonteinbeeld ook in Wikipedia, ‘Treatise on Man’ (noot 4).","url":"https://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Bodies,%20Souls,%20and%20Robots/Texts/lhomme.html","chapter":6},{"note":8,"citation":"R. Descartes, Discours de la méthode, deel V, Engelse vertaling J. Bennett (earlymoderntexts.com); vertaald naar het Nederlands.","url":"https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/descartes1637.pdf","chapter":6},{"note":9,"citation":"SEP (noot 2): Descartes ‘regarded nonhuman animals as machines, devoid of mind and consciousness’; Bennett (noot 8), deel V.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/","chapter":6},{"note":10,"citation":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), ‘René Descartes’ (afwezigheid van geest in de natuur als kern van de mechanistische natuurkunde; het voorbeeld van de vallende steen); SEP (noot 2) over Descartes' gebruik van het begrip machine voor levende wezens.","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/descartes/","chapter":6},{"note":11,"citation":"Samenvatting van Life Itself, hoofdstuk 1 (sectie 1C), in ‘LIFE ITSELF: Organisms vs Mechanisms, Part 1’, 23 maart 1997, archief van de Extropians-lijst; vergelijk de uitgeversbeschrijving (noot 1).","url":"https://diyhpl.us/~bryan/irc/extropians/extracted-extropians-archive/archive/9703/8812.html","chapter":6},{"note":12,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, toelichting op Rosens werk (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html): het newtoniaanse paradigma; de machinemetafoor teruggaand op Descartes en ingebouwd door Newton en zijn volgelingen. Vergelijk rosenlife.org/about over Rosens kritiek op het machinebeeld en Newtons uurwerkheelal.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html","chapter":6},{"note":13,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Isaac Newton’ (4 januari 1643 nieuwe stijl, 25 december 1642 oude stijl, Woolsthorpe bij Grantham); SEP, ‘Isaac Newton’ (25 december 1642, Woolsthorpe).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton/","chapter":6},{"note":14,"citation":"SEP, ‘Isaac Newton’ (Lucasian Professor oktober 1669 op aanbeveling van Barrow; Principia 1687, drukken 1713 en 1726; Opticks 1704); MacTutor (noot 13) (Lucasian Professor 1669, opvolger van Barrow; Principia 1687).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton/","chapter":6},{"note":15,"citation":"SEP, ‘Isaac Newton’ (20 maart 1727); MacTutor (noot 13) (31 maart 1727, Londen). Het verschil van elf dagen is het verschil tussen juliaanse en gregoriaanse kalender.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton/","chapter":6},{"note":16,"citation":"SEP, ‘Isaac Newton’ (wetten voor puntmassa's; Euler en de ‘Newtonian mechanics’; de oorzaak van de zwaartekracht opengelaten).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton/","chapter":6},{"note":17,"citation":"Inhoudsopgave van R. Rosen, Life Itself (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), MNLink-catalogus; de hoofdstuktitels ook in de samenvattingen in het Extropians-archief (noot 11 en 18).","url":"https://search.mnlink.org/Record/3e965876-059b-4712-8372-d3876469c55a/TOC","chapter":6},{"note":18,"citation":"Samenvatting van Life Itself, hoofdstuk 5, sectie 5I, in ‘LIFE ITSELF: Organism vs Mechanism, Part 4’ (Extropians-archief, 1997); F. Vega, ‘An Integrated Account of Rosen's Relational Biology and Peirce's Semiosis. Part I’, Biosemiotics 14/3 (2021), 697–716.","url":"https://diyhpl.us/~bryan/irc/extropians/extracted-extropians-archive/archive/9704/9197.html","chapter":6},{"note":19,"citation":"J. Rekveld, bespreking van Life Itself (joostrekveld.net, 2007): fractioneerbaarheid; Rosens oordeel over simulatie; de uitgeversbeschrijving (noot 1).","url":"https://www.joostrekveld.net/?p=558","chapter":6},{"note":20,"citation":"SEP, ‘Immanuel Kant’ (22 april 1724 – 12 februari 1804, Königsberg; zes jaar huisleraar, terug in 1754; hoogleraar 1770 op zijn 46e; de drie Kritieken 1781/1787, 1788, 1790); IEP, ‘Kant’ (1724–1804, Königsberg; Kritik der Urteilskraft 1790). Nagerekend: 1770 − 1724 = 46.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/","chapter":6},{"note":21,"citation":"SEP, ‘Kant's Aesthetics and Teleology’ (opbouw van de Kritik der Urteilskraft; teleologische oordelen; definities van doel en doelmatigheid, § 10; innerlijke en uiterlijke doelmatigheid).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-aesthetics/","chapter":6},{"note":22,"citation":"I. Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790), § 64; geciteerd in A. Weber en F.J. Varela, ‘Life after Kant: Natural purposes and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1 (2002), 97–125; en in H. Ginsborg, ‘Kant's biological teleology and its philosophical significance’, in G. Bird (red.), A Companion to Kant (Blackwell) (§ 64, Ak. 370). Oude tekst; vertaald naar het Nederlands.","url":"https://www.ias-research.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Weber_Varela_Life_after_Kant_2002.pdf","chapter":6},{"note":23,"citation":"Ginsborg (noot 22) (de boom, § 64, Ak. 371; het horloge, § 65, Ak. 374); Wikipedia, ‘Kant's teleology’ (de boom als soort, als individu en in zijn delen; het horloge en Kants tweede voorwaarde).","url":"https://philosophy.berkeley.edu/file/10/Kants_Biological_Teleology.pdf","chapter":6},{"note":24,"citation":"Ginsborg (noot 22): ‘one wheel in the watch does not produce another’ (§ 65, Ak. 374); ‘self-propagating formative force’; het begrip natuurdoel als ‘regulative concept for reflective judgment’ (§ 65, Ak. 375); lezing van § 75.","url":"https://philosophy.berkeley.edu/file/10/Kants_Biological_Teleology.pdf","chapter":6},{"note":25,"citation":"Weber en Varela (noot 22): Kant, § 65, ‘an organized and self-organizing being’; Kant als introductie van zelforganisatie in moderne zin; autopoiese als empirische grond. Over hetzelfde verband: R. Cuciniello (noot 32).","url":"https://www.ias-research.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Weber_Varela_Life_after_Kant_2002.pdf","chapter":6},{"note":26,"citation":"I. Goy, ‘Kant on formative power’, Lebenswelt 2 (2012) (samenvatting); Ginsborg (noot 24) over de vormende kracht die niet uit het mechanisme alleen te verklaren is.","url":"https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/Lebenswelt/article/view/2658","chapter":6},{"note":27,"citation":"I. Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft, § 75; Engelse vertaling J.H. Bernard (Project Gutenberg, eBook 48433), aangehaald in de inleiding van de editeur; Wikipedia, ‘Kant's teleology’ (dezelfde passage). Vertaald naar het Nederlands.","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48433/48433-h/48433-h.htm","chapter":6},{"note":28,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Kant's teleology’ (antinomie; beide principes regulatief); SEP, ‘Kant's Aesthetics and Teleology’ (inhoudsopgave: verzoening met het mechanisme in de ‘Dialectiek’, § 3.4); Ginsborg (noot 24).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%27s_teleology","chapter":6},{"note":29,"citation":"SEP, ‘Teleological Notions in Biology’ (Kant 1790: teleologie ‘only apparent’; weerstand tegen mechanische verklaring vanwege groei en voortplanting; invloed op de ‘teleomechanistische’ organische scheikunde van de vroege negentiende eeuw).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleology-biology/","chapter":6},{"note":30,"citation":"J.-C. Letelier, J. Soto-Andrade, F. Guíñez Abarzúa, A. Cornish-Bowden en M.L. Cárdenas, ‘Organizational invariance and metabolic closure: Analysis in terms of (M,R) systems’, Journal of Theoretical Biology 238 (2006), 949–961; I. Siekmann, ‘An applied mathematician's perspective on Rosennean Complexity’, arXiv:1705.03322 (2017). Zie hoofdstuk 10.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":6},{"note":31,"citation":"J. Van Poucke en G. Van de Vijver, ‘Modelling in Systems Biology: An analysis of the Relevance of Rosen's Relational Viewpoint for Current Systems Biology’, CASYS 21 (2008), 184–196 (Rosens opvatting ‘quite similar to Kant's’).","url":"https://popups.uliege.be/3041-539x/index.php?id=2639","chapter":6},{"note":32,"citation":"R.R. Cuciniello, ‘With Kant, Beyond Kant: The Organisational Approach to Naturalised Biological Teleology’, preprint, PhilSci-Archive 26739 (2025; nog niet beoordeeld door vakgenoten).","url":"https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/26739","chapter":6},{"note":33,"citation":"D.C. 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Rosen, Essays on Life Itself (New York: Columbia University Press, verschenen 23 november 1999, gedateerd 2000), bij Ingram Academic; catalogus Daystar University (Columbia University Press, 2000, x + 361 blz.; vijf delen).","url":"https://ingramacademic.com/products/essays-on-life-itself-9780231105118","chapter":7},{"note":2,"citation":"Rosenlife.org, ‘About Robert Rosen’ (Rosen en Schrödingers vraag).","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":7},{"note":3,"citation":"MacTutor History of Mathematics, ‘Erwin Schrödinger’ (12 augustus 1887 Wenen; Nobelprijs 1933; Dublin vanaf najaar 1939 tot pensioen in 1956; dood 4 januari 1961 Wenen; What Is Life? 1944); Wikipedia, ‘Erwin Schrödinger’ (Nobelprijs met Dirac; Dublin oktober 1939; directeur School of Theoretical Physics vanaf 1940, pensioen 1955, terug naar Wenen 1956).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Schrodinger/","chapter":7},{"note":4,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘What Is Life?’ (lezingen op 5, 12 en 19 februari 1943 in Trinity College Dublin onder het DIAS; ca. 400 toehoorders, zaal voor ca. 150; Cambridge University Press 1944; aperiodiek kristal; negatieve entropie; ‘andere natuurwetten’; latere kritiek; brief van Crick uit 1953).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_Life%3F","chapter":7},{"note":5,"citation":"Nobelprize.org, ‘Perspectives: What is life?’ (lezingen februari 1943 in Trinity College Dublin; boek 1944, minder dan 100 blz., meer dan 100.000 exemplaren; aperiodiek kristal, behang en borduurwerk; erfelijke ‘code-script’). Wikipedia (noot 4) bevestigt het aperiodieke kristal en de verwachting van een genetische code.","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1962/perspectives/","chapter":7},{"note":6,"citation":"G. Piedrafita, F. Montero, F. Morán, M.L. Cárdenas en A. Cornish-Bowden, ‘A Simple Self-Maintaining Metabolic System: Robustness, Autocatalysis, Bistability’, PLoS Computational Biology 6/8 (2010), e1000872 (Schrödingers ‘feeds on negative entropy’); Wikipedia (noot 4).","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2916848","chapter":7},{"note":7,"citation":"Nobelprize.org (noot 5) (Wilkins, Crick, Watson); Wikipedia (noot 4) (Watson en Crick noemen het boek als inspiratie; dubbele helix 1953).","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1962/perspectives/","chapter":7},{"note":8,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, bespreking van Essays on Life Itself (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosrev.html): ‘When can a molecule be a gene?’; hoofdstuk 5 en Rashevsky's vroege werk aan neurale netten; hoofdstuk 19 ‘Bionics Revisited’ en de vleugel. Inhoudsopgave: noot 1.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosrev.html","chapter":7},{"note":9,"citation":"Beschrijving van Life Itself door de uitgever (Powell's Books; J. Rekveld, joostrekveld.net, 2007): het leven als veralgemening van mechanisme; complexe organisatie als algemeen kenmerk van het heelal.","url":"https://www.powells.com/book/-9780231075657","chapter":7},{"note":10,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘Rosen in Cyberspace’, inleiding op de website van D.C. Mikulecky (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/RSNCYBRSPC2.html): Life Itself als ‘the outcome and present status of about thirty years' work on the problem “What is life?”’; rosenlife.org (noot 2).","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/RSNCYBRSPC2.html","chapter":7},{"note":11,"citation":"Piedrafita e.a. (noot 6): onderscheid tussen sluiting onder werkende oorzaak, stoffelijke sluiting en structurele sluiting; ‘organizational closure does not imply thermodynamic closure’.","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2916848","chapter":7},{"note":12,"citation":"W.S. McCulloch en W. Pitts, ‘A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity’, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5 (december 1943), 115–133 (Springer, DOI 10.1007/BF02478259); Wikipedia, ‘A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity’ (deel 5, nr. 4, 115–133; Rashevsky's tijdschrift).","url":"https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF02478259","chapter":7},{"note":13,"citation":"T.H. Abraham, ‘Nicolas Rashevsky's Mathematical Biophysics’, Journal of the History of Biology (2004) (overeenkomst met Thurstone januari 1939; supplement bij Psychometrika; vanaf zomer 1940 University of Chicago Press); Wikipedia (noot 12) (opgericht 1939). Zie hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/2004/abraham2004a.pdf","chapter":7},{"note":14,"citation":"D.S. Hoffmann, ‘The Dawn of Mathematical Biology’, arXiv:1511.01455 (McCulloch en Pitts in het Bulletin, deel 5; McCulloch over Rashevsky's verdediging; Carnap stelt Pitts aan Rashevsky voor, eind jaren dertig in de groep).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.01455","chapter":7},{"note":15,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Warren Sturgis McCulloch’ (16 november 1898 Orange; dood 24 september 1969 Cambridge, Mass.; Illinois vanaf 1941, Neuropsychiatric Institute tot 1951, MIT vanaf 1952; voorzitter van de Macy-conferenties); California State University Long Beach, ‘Warren McCulloch’ (geboren 16 november 1898 Orange; Illinois 1941–1948; MIT 1949; dood 1969 Cambridge). De bronnen verschillen over de jaren in Illinois en de overstap naar het MIT.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch","chapter":7},{"note":16,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Walter Pitts’ (23 april 1923 Detroit; op zijn 15e naar Chicago; Carnap; Rashevsky's seminars; Lettvin; enige graad; dood 14 mei 1969 Cambridge, Mass., 46 jaar); A. Gefter, ‘The Man Who Tried to Redeem the World with Logic’, Nautilus (29 januari 2015) (geboren 1923 in Detroit; op zijn 15e weggelopen; Lettvin; dood 14 mei 1969 in Cambridge). Hoffmann (noot 14) over Rashevsky. Nagerekend: 1969 − 1923 = 46; 14 mei tot 24 september 1969 is ruim vier maanden.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pitts","chapter":7},{"note":17,"citation":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), ‘The Computational Theory of Mind’ (McCulloch en Pitts 1943; Turingmachine als model van de geest; begin van het connectionisme; invloed op de informatica, von Neumann 1945).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-mind/","chapter":7},{"note":18,"citation":"Wikipedia (noot 12) (gelijkwaardigheid van netwerk met band en Turingmachine; von Neumann noemt het artikel in ‘The general and logical theory of automata’, 1951; McCulloch voorzitter Macy-conferenties); SEP (noot 17).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Logical_Calculus_of_the_Ideas_Immanent_in_Nervous_Activity","chapter":7},{"note":19,"citation":"J. von Neumann, ‘First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC’ (30 juni 1945), sectie 4.2: ‘Following W. Pitts and W.S. MacCulloch’ (pdf via Carleton College); SEP (noot 17) (von Neumann 1945).","url":"https://cs.carleton.edu/faculty/jondich/courses/cs207_f03/assignments/edvac.pdf","chapter":7},{"note":20,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘John von Neumann’ (28 december 1903 Boedapest; 8 februari 1957 Washington; IAS 1933; Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik 1932); Wikipedia, ‘John von Neumann’ (dezelfde data; IAS 1933; Manhattanproject; universele constructor).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Von_Neumann/","chapter":7},{"note":21,"citation":"H. Sayama, ‘On Self-Replication and the Halting Problem’ (Binghamton University; ontvangen 2 januari 2007), met de verwijzing naar von Neumanns lezing van september 1948, gepubliceerd 1951 in L.A. Jeffress (red.), Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, en naar Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata (1966), bezorgd door A.W. Burks; Wikipedia (noot 12) over de publicatie van 1951.","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/nlin/0603026v2","chapter":7},{"note":22,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Von Neumann universal constructor’ (ontworpen in de jaren veertig; voltooid door Burks 1966; beschrijving, constructor, kopieerapparaat; evolutie; vóór de ontdekking van de structuur van DNA); Sayama (noot 21) (A, B, C en de tweevoudige rol van de band).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_universal_constructor","chapter":7},{"note":23,"citation":"SEP, ‘Cellular Automata’ (Ulams voorstel van een discreet tweedimensionaal systeem; 29 toestanden; zelfreproductie); Wikipedia (noot 22) (Ulam; 29 toestanden).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cellular-automata/","chapter":7},{"note":24,"citation":"L.M. Rocha, collegeaantekeningen ISE-483/SSIE-583, hoofdstuk 6 (Binghamton University, 2025): de beschrijving wordt ‘both translated and copied’; voorstel vóór de ontdekking van de lineaire structuur van DNA.","url":"https://casci.binghamton.edu/academics/i-bic/pdfs/ibic_lecnotes_c6.pdf","chapter":7},{"note":25,"citation":"D.J. Nicholson, ‘Organisms ≠ Machines’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44 (2013), 669–678, p. 672.","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NICO","chapter":7},{"note":26,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘On a logical paradox implicit in the notion of a self-reproducing automaton’, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 21/4 (december 1959), 387–394 (DOI 10.1007/BF02477897; Utah-index van het Bulletin); bibliografie bij het interview met Rosen op de website van D.C. Mikulecky (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm). Rosen was op 27 juni 1959 vijfentwintig geworden (rosenlife.org; zie hoofdstuk 1).","url":"https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/idx/bullmathbiophys/21/4/387-394.html","chapter":7},{"note":27,"citation":"L. Löfgren, ‘An axiomatic explanation of complete self-reproduction’, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 30/3 (september 1968), 415–425 (Springer, samenvatting). Zie hoofdstuk 1.","url":"https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF02476604","chapter":7},{"note":28,"citation":"Z. Wünsch, ‘Reprodukující se automaty’ (Self-reproducing automata), Kybernetika 4/6 (1968), 570–590, referentie 18 (Czech Digital Mathematics Library). Wünsch geeft bladzijden 387–395.","url":"https://www.dml.cz/handle/10338.dmlcz/125462?show=full","chapter":7},{"note":29,"citation":"J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, ‘A biochemically-realisable relational model of the self-manufacturing cell’, bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.06.07.447371. Het is Hofmeyrs eigen stelling; zie ook hoofdstuk 5 en 10.","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447371v2.full.pdf","chapter":7},{"note":30,"citation":"A. Rosenblueth, N. Wiener en J. Bigelow, ‘Behavior, Purpose and Teleology’, Philosophy of Science 10/1 (januari 1943), 18–24 (Utah-index philossci1940; JSTOR 184878); Wikipedia, ‘Norbert Wiener’ (het artikel van 1943 met Rosenblueth en Bigelow).","url":"https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/idx/philossci1940/10/1/18-24.html","chapter":7},{"note":31,"citation":"SEP, ‘Teleological Notions in Biology’ (Rosenblueth, Wiener en Bigelow 1943: ‘purpose controlled by feed-back’, p. 23; Sommerhoff 1950; Nagel 1953; Pittendrigh 1958; Monod 1970; cybernetische verklaringen raakten uit de gratie).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleology-biology/","chapter":7},{"note":32,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Norbert Wiener’ (26 november 1894 Columbia, Missouri; 18 maart 1964 Stockholm; MIT; vuurleiding in de oorlog; Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 1948); Wikipedia, ‘Norbert Wiener’ (dezelfde data; Hermann en MIT Press 1948; Mexico vanaf 1945 op uitnodiging van Rosenblueth).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Wiener_Norbert/","chapter":7},{"note":33,"citation":"Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Cybernetics’ (Wieners boek van 1948 als begin; kybernetikos, de kunst van de stuurman).","url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/cybernetics","chapter":7},{"note":34,"citation":"American Society for Cybernetics, ‘Summary: The Macy Conferences’ (tien conferenties, 8–9 maart 1946 tot 22–24 april 1953 Princeton; McCulloch voorzitter; kerngroep; titel vanaf de vierde conferentie; Cybernetics toegevoegd op de zevende, 1950, op voorstel van von Foerster); Wikipedia, ‘Macy conferences’ (21–22 maart 1946 tot 22–24 april 1953; McCulloch; titels; deelnemers).","url":"https://asc-cybernetics.org/foundations/history/MacySummary.htm","chapter":7},{"note":35,"citation":"El Dínamo, ‘Humberto Maturana, biólogo y filósofo chileno, murió a los 92 años’ (6 mei 2021; geboren 4 september 1928 in Santiago; vanaf 1965 aan de Facultad de Ciencias; Varela als assistent); Wikipedia, ‘Humberto Maturana’ (14 september 1928 – 6 mei 2021). De bronnen verschillen over de geboortedag.","url":"https://www.eldinamo.cl/educacion/2021/05/06/humberto-maturana-biologo-y-filosofo-chileno-murio-a-los-92-anos/","chapter":7},{"note":36,"citation":"‘Francisco J. Varela: 1946–2001’ (enolagaia.com) (7 september 1946; dood 28 mei 2001 Parijs; Santiago 1970–1973 en 1980–1985; CNRS 1988–2001); Wikipedia, ‘Francisco Varela’ (7 september 1946 Talcahuano; 28 mei 2001 Parijs; CNRS vanaf 1988).","url":"https://www.enolagaia.com/Varela.html","chapter":7},{"note":37,"citation":"J.-C. Letelier, G. Marín en J. Mpodozis, ‘Autopoietic and (M,R) systems’, Journal of Theoretical Biology 222/2 (2003), 261–272 (DOI 10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00034-1; record bij ANID Chili); tekst via pleiad.cl.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/autopoietic_mr.pdf","chapter":7},{"note":38,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Autopoiesis’ (begrip in 1972 ingevoerd door Maturana en Varela; auto en poiesis; Autopoiesis and Cognition, Springer 1980); Letelier e.a. (noot 37) (1972).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis","chapter":7},{"note":39,"citation":"F.G. Varela, H.R. Maturana en R. Uribe, ‘Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model’, BioSystems 5/4 (1974), 187–196 (DOI 10.1016/0303-2647(74)90031-8; Repositorio Académico, Universidad de Chile); enolagaia.com (noot 36) noemt hetzelfde artikel.","url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/160309?show=full","chapter":7},{"note":40,"citation":"Letelier e.a. (noot 37), secties 5 en 5.1; G. Briscoe en P. Dini, ‘Towards Autopoietic Computing’, arXiv:1009.0797 (Letelier e.a. over niet-Turing-berekenbaarheid; McMullin en Varela, ‘Rediscovering computational autopoiesis’, 1997).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1009.0797","chapter":7},{"note":41,"citation":"A. Weber en F.J. Varela, ‘Life after Kant: Natural purposes and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1 (2002), 97–125. Zie hoofdstuk 6.","url":"https://www.ias-research.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Weber_Varela_Life_after_Kant_2002.pdf","chapter":7},{"note":42,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’, Foresight 12/3 (2010), 18–29; D.C. Mikulecky (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html) over anticipatie en doeloorzaak. Zie hoofdstuk 5 en 11.","url":"https://www.emerald.com/fs/article-abstract/12/3/18/99950/Robert-Rosen-s-anticipatory-systems","chapter":7},{"note":1,"citation":"R. Herken (red.), The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-Century Survey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); hoofdstukkenlijst op de boekenpagina van S. Stepney (University of York), met R. Rosen, ‘Effective processes and natural law’ (hoofdstuk 23), en bijdragen van Kleene, Gandy, Feferman, Davis en Penrose. R. Rosen, ‘Effective processes and natural law’, in Herken (red.), 523–537: bibliografie bij het interview met Rosen op de website van D.C. Mikulecky (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm). Oxford Academic vermeldt voor de herdruk 12 maart 1990.","url":"https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44/books/pages/h/RolfHerken.htm","chapter":8},{"note":2,"citation":"MacTutor History of Mathematics, ‘Kurt Gödel’ (28 april 1906 Brünn; 14 januari 1978 Princeton; promotie 1929 bij Hahn; faculteit 1930; ‘Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze …’; IAS 1940–1946, vast lid 1953; ‘mathematics is not a finished object’).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Godel/","chapter":8},{"note":3,"citation":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), ‘Kurt Gödel’ (geboren 28 april 1906 Brünn; dood 14 januari 1978 Princeton; Wenen vanaf 1924, promotie 1929 bij Hahn; emigratie met Adele in 1940; IAS tot pensioen in 1976).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedel/","chapter":8},{"note":4,"citation":"SEP, ‘Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems’ (Königsberg, 7 september 1930, terloopse opmerking; verschijning januari 1931; de twee stellingen; problemen voor Hilberts programma; Gödel aanvankelijk voorstander van het programma; Lucas 1961 en Penrose 1989, 1994; ‘wide consensus that they fail’).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedel-incompleteness/","chapter":8},{"note":5,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences’ (5–7 september 1930, Königsberg; Gödels aankondiging op 7 september). SEP (noot 4) bevestigt de datum.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Conference_on_the_Epistemology_of_the_Exact_Sciences","chapter":8},{"note":6,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems’ (Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 38 (1931), 173–198); bibliografie Gödel bij LAMSADE, Université Paris-Dauphine (zelfde gegevens); MacTutor (noot 2) voor de titel.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Formally_Undecidable_Propositions_of_Principia_Mathematica_and_Related_Systems","chapter":8},{"note":7,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Alan Turing’ (23 juni 1912 Paddington, Londen; 7 juni 1954 Wilmslow; ‘On computable numbers’ voltooid april 1936, in druk 1937; Princeton 1936–1938 onder Church; Mind 1950; morfogenese 1952); SEP, ‘Alan Turing’ (geboren 23 juni 1912 Londen; dood 7 juni 1954 Wilmslow; Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 1936–1937; promotie 1938 bij Church in Princeton).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Turing/","chapter":8},{"note":8,"citation":"SEP, ‘Turing Machines’ (Turing 1936–1937; universele machine; Entscheidungsproblem negatief beantwoord; PRINT? en HALT?; Church onafhankelijk met de lambda-calculus).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/","chapter":8},{"note":9,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Alonzo Church’ (‘An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory’, American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1936), 345–363; effectieve berekenbaarheid gelijkgesteld aan recursiviteit; Turing promoveerde bij Church in Princeton).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Church/","chapter":8},{"note":10,"citation":"SEP, ‘The Church-Turing Thesis’ (definitie van ‘effectief’; Church 1936 en Turing 1936 onafhankelijk; equivalentie; de these gaat over menselijke berekening; latere ‘Church-Turing’-theses ‘at best very distant relatives’; Gandy's axioma's en zijn opmerking over de filosofische vraag).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/","chapter":8},{"note":11,"citation":"SEP, ‘Alan Turing’ (noot 7) (‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’, Mind, oktober 1950; ‘The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B); MacTutor (noot 7).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/","chapter":8},{"note":12,"citation":"Embryo Project Encyclopedia (Arizona State University), ‘“The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis” (1952), by Alan M. Turing’ (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 237, 37–72; reactie en diffusie; instabiliteiten; activator en remmer).","url":"https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/chemical-basis-morphogenesis-1952-alan-m-turing","chapter":8},{"note":13,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘Turing's morphogens, two-factor systems and active transport’, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 30/3 (september 1968), 493–499 (DOI 10.1007/BF02476609; Utah-index van het Bulletin); ook in de bibliografie op de website van Mikulecky (noot 1).","url":"https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/idx/bullmathbiophys/30/3/493-499.html","chapter":8},{"note":14,"citation":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), ‘The Lucas-Penrose Argument about Gödel's Theorem’ (Lucas, ‘Minds, Machines and Gödel’, Philosophy, 1961; Penrose 1989 en 1994; standaardbezwaren); SEP (noot 4).","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/lp-argue/","chapter":8},{"note":15,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘Church's thesis and its relation to the concept of realizability in biology and physics’, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 24/4 (december 1962), 375–393 (DOI 10.1007/BF02477996); samenvatting bij Springer; bibliografische gegevens ook in de Utah-index van het Bulletin. De samenvatting is geparafraseerd.","url":"https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF02477996","chapter":8},{"note":16,"citation":"I. Siekmann, ‘An applied mathematician's perspective on Rosennean Complexity’, arXiv:1705.03322 (2017) (‘A system is simple if all its models are simulable’; complex: ten minste één niet-simuleerbaar, niet Turing-berekenbaar model; modellen worden door de modelleur toegeschreven).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":8},{"note":17,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, toelichting op Rosens werk (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html): de eenvoudige wereld als syntactisch, simuleerbaar en beschreven door de these van Church; ‘Rosen's work says that church's thesis is false’.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html","chapter":8},{"note":18,"citation":"D.C. Mikulecky, bespreking van Essays on Life Itself (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosrev.html): hoofdstuk 4 ‘The Church-Pythagoras Thesis’; hoofdstuk 10; ‘Gödelian noncomputability results are a symptom, arising within mathematics itself’ (inleiding van deel I volgens Mikulecky); ‘must have noncomputable models’.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosrev.html","chapter":8},{"note":19,"citation":"Inhoudsopgave van R. Rosen, Essays on Life Itself (Columbia University Press, 1999/2000), bij Ingram Academic (deel II, hoofdstuk 4: ‘The Church-Pythagoras Thesis’; hoofdstuk 10: ‘Syntactics and Semantics in Languages’).","url":"https://ingramacademic.com/products/essays-on-life-itself-9780231105118","chapter":8},{"note":20,"citation":"J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, ‘A biochemically-realisable relational model of the self-manufacturing cell’, bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.06.07.447371 (eenvoudige diagrammen berekenbaar; impredicatieve hiërarchische kringen niet; vastlopen of eindeloze lus). Vergelijk hoofdstuk 10.","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447371v2.full.pdf","chapter":8},{"note":21,"citation":"A.H. Louie en S.W. Kercel, ‘Topology and life redux: Robert Rosen's relational diagrams of living systems’, Axiomathes 17/2 (2007), 109–136 (samenvatting).","url":"https://meta.ophen.org/pub-173894","chapter":8},{"note":22,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (‘(M,R) systems cannot be simulated by Turing machines’); Mikulecky (noot 18).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":8},{"note":23,"citation":"S. Abramsky, W. Banzhaf, L.S.D. Caves, M. Levin, P. Machado, C. Ofria, S. Stepney en R. White, ‘Open Questions about Time and Self-reference in Living Systems’, arXiv:2508.11423 (2025) (Rosen: ‘life is not an algorithm’; het stopprobleem en Gödel; de lambda-calculusvorm van Mossio e.a.).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.11423","chapter":8},{"note":24,"citation":"D. Chu en W. Ho, ‘A Category Theoretical Argument against the Possibility of Artificial Life’, Artificial Life 12 (2006); samenvatting bij MIT Press en bij de University of Kent. De bronnen verschillen over nummer en bladzijden; zie hoofdstuk 10.","url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/14519/","chapter":8},{"note":25,"citation":"D. Chu en W. Ho, ‘The Localization Hypothesis and Machines’, Artificial Life 13/3 (2007), 299–302 (Kent Academic Repository; Louie's ‘null and void’); O. Wolkenhauer, ‘Interpreting Rosen’, Artificial Life 13/3 (2007), 291–292 (TU München/Leibniz-portal; ‘Some reflections on Robert Rosen, Chu and Ho, and Louie’).","url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/14607/","chapter":8},{"note":26,"citation":"M. Mossio, G. Longo en J. Stewart, ‘A computable expression of closure to efficient causation’, Journal of Theoretical Biology 257/3 (2009), 489–498 (DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.12.012; record Universidad del País Vasco); de lambda-calculus: Abramsky e.a. (noot 23).","url":"https://ekoizpen-zientifikoa.ehu.eus/documentos/5ef241aa2999526d9672059b?lang=en","chapter":8},{"note":27,"citation":"M.L. Cárdenas, J.-C. Letelier, C. Gutiérrez, A. Cornish-Bowden en J. Soto-Andrade, ‘Closure to efficient causation, computability and artificial life’, Journal of Theoretical Biology 263/1 (maart 2010), 79–92 (DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.11.010; Repositorio Universidad de Chile; samenvatting en BibTeX op de website van G. Navarro, Universidad de Chile).","url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/119040?show=full","chapter":8},{"note":28,"citation":"C. Gutiérrez, S. Jaramillo en J. Soto-Andrade, ‘Some thoughts on A.H. Louie's “More Than Life Itself: A Reflection on Formal Systems and Biology”’, Axiomathes (2010), DOI 10.1007/s10516-010-9118-8 (tekst via users.dcc.uchile.cl).","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/papers/thoughts-Louie.pdf","chapter":8},{"note":29,"citation":"G. Piedrafita, F. Montero, F. Morán, M.L. Cárdenas en A. Cornish-Bowden, ‘A Simple Self-Maintaining Metabolic System: Robustness, Autocatalysis, Bistability’, PLoS Computational Biology 6/8 (2010), e1000872 (PubMed Central).","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2916848","chapter":8},{"note":30,"citation":"‘Simulating a Model of Metabolic Closure’ (Springer, 2013), record in E-Prints Complutense (Universidad Complutense de Madrid): ‘A simple model of an (M, R)-system has been implemented in the computer’. Auteurs niet in het geraadpleegde record vermeld.","url":"https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/29340/","chapter":8},{"note":1,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘A relational theory of biological systems’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 20/3 (1958), 245–260; R. Rosen, ‘The representation of biological systems from the standpoint of the theory of categories’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 20 (1958), 317–341. Bibliografische gegevens: Utah-index van het *Bulletin* (ftp.math.utah.edu) en de bibliografie bij het interview met Rosen op de website van D.C. Mikulecky (people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm). F. Varenne, ‘Théorie mathématique des catégories en biologie et notion d'équivalence naturelle chez Robert Rosen’, *Revue d'histoire des sciences* 66/1 (2013), 167–197, noemt Rosens voorstel van 1958 het uitgangspunt van de toepassing van categorieën op levende systemen. Rosens leeftijd: geboren 27 juni 1934 (rosenlife.org/about; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub/entry/39518).","url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/VARTMT","chapter":9},{"note":2,"citation":"MacTutor History of Mathematics, ‘Samuel Eilenberg’; Wikipedia, ‘Samuel Eilenberg’.","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Eilenberg/","chapter":9},{"note":3,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Saunders Mac Lane’ (verdediging 19 juli 1933; Bernays begeleider, Weyl examinator); Wikipedia, ‘Saunders Mac Lane’ (promotie 1934). Geboortedatum en -plaats in beide bronnen gelijk.","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/MacLane/","chapter":9},{"note":4,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Samuel Eilenberg’ (1940, Ann Arbor); Wikipedia, ‘Saunders Mac Lane’ (1941, gastcolleges aan de University of Michigan).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane","chapter":9},{"note":5,"citation":"S. Eilenberg en S. Mac Lane, ‘Group extensions and homology’, *Annals of Mathematics* 43/4 (1942), 757–831; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), ‘Category Theory’, § 2; Wikipedia, ‘Category theory’. Over het aantal gezamenlijke artikelen (ongeveer vijftien, tot rond 1954): MacTutor, ‘Samuel Eilenberg’.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/","chapter":9},{"note":6,"citation":"S. Eilenberg en S. Mac Lane, ‘General theory of natural equivalences’, *Transactions of the American Mathematical Society* 58 (1945), 231–294. Paginering volgens Varenne (noot 1) en *Op weg met Spinoza*, hoofdstuk 15, noot 17; deel 58 ook in Wikipedia, ‘Category theory’; SEP (noot 5).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory","chapter":9},{"note":7,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Samuel Eilenberg’; Wikipedia, ‘Samuel Eilenberg’ (overlijden 30 januari 1998, New York).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg","chapter":9},{"note":8,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Saunders Mac Lane’; Wikipedia, ‘Saunders Mac Lane’ (hoogleraar Chicago 1947, voorzitter vanaf 1952 als opvolger van Marshall Stone; overleden 14 april 2005 in San Francisco).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane","chapter":9},{"note":9,"citation":"Varenne (noot 1), met verwijzing naar Rosens artikel over categorieën (1958), p. 322, n. 28. Over de Committee on Mathematical Biology: hoofdstuk 1. Rosen gebruikt in 1962 nog het adres ‘Committee on Mathematical Biology, University of Chicago’ (noot 30).","url":"https://shs.cairn.info/article/RHS_661_0167/pdf?lang=fr","chapter":9},{"note":10,"citation":"J. Baez en A. Lauda, ‘A prehistory of n-categorical physics’ (arXiv:0908.2469, 2009); SEP (noot 5).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0908.2469","chapter":9},{"note":11,"citation":"Mac Lane geciteerd in Baez en Lauda (noot 10); SEP (noot 5) noemt de natuurlijke transformatie het centrale begrip van het artikel van 1945. Parafrase.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/","chapter":9},{"note":12,"citation":"Over Aristoteles' categorieën: SEP, ‘Aristotle's Categories’; over Kants twaalf categorieën in de *Kritik der reinen Vernunft*: Wikipedia, ‘Category (Kant)’, en hoofdstuk 6. S. Mac Lane, *Categories for the Working Mathematician*, inleiding, geciteerd op inquiryintoinquiry.com, ‘Precursors of Category Theory 1’ (2024); SEP (noot 5) noemt Aristoteles, Kant en Peirce voor ‘categorie’ en Carnap voor ‘functor’. Volgens een artikel in *Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce* (zfn.edu.pl, art. 512) kunnen Eilenberg en Carnap de term ‘functor’ ook van Kotarbiński en Tarski hebben geleerd.","url":"https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2024/05/25/precursors-of-category-theory-1-a/","chapter":9},{"note":13,"citation":"SEP (noot 5), § 1; Wikipedia, ‘Category theory’. Het voorbeeld van steden en treinritten is een eigen illustratie.","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/","chapter":9},{"note":14,"citation":"SEP (noot 5), § 2; MacTutor, ‘Samuel Eilenberg’ (manuscript *Homological Algebra* klaar in 1953, verschenen 1956).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/","chapter":9},{"note":15,"citation":"SEP (noot 5), § 2 (Grothendieck 1957; Lawvere 1964; Lawvere en Tierney 1972); Baez en Lauda (noot 10) over Lawvere's proefschrift over functoriële semantiek (1963), geschreven bij Eilenberg aan Columbia; Wikipedia, ‘Category theory’ (toposen van Grothendieck en elementaire toposen).","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/","chapter":9},{"note":16,"citation":"MacTutor, ‘Saunders Mac Lane’ (1971); Wikipedia, ‘Saunders Mac Lane’ (1972).","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/MacLane/","chapter":9},{"note":17,"citation":"Interview met Robert Rosen, afgenomen door Judith Rosen, Rochester, juli 1997, transcriptie op people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rsntpe.html; P.J. Miranda en G.G. La Guardia, ‘On a relational theory of biological systems: a natural model for complex biological behavior’ (arXiv:1705.10394), over Rashevsky's tweedeling in metrische en relationele biologie.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rsntpe.html","chapter":9},{"note":18,"citation":"N. Rashevsky, ‘Topology and life: in search of general mathematical principles in biology and sociology’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 16 (1954), 317–348; Wikipedia, ‘Nicolas Rashevsky’; Varenne (noot 1), over biotopologie en de ‘oergraaf’.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Rashevsky","chapter":9},{"note":19,"citation":"N. Rashevsky, ‘A set-theoretical approach to biology’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 21/1 (maart 1959), 101–106 (Springer, doi 10.1007/BF02476461); I. Baianu en M. Marinescu, ‘Organismic supercategories I’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 30 (1968), dat dit artikel aanhaalt.","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02476461","chapter":9},{"note":20,"citation":"Rosen (1958a), zie noot 1. Maand en paginering: Utah-index van het *Bulletin*; Mikulecky-bibliografie (noot 1).","url":"https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/idx/bullmathbiophys/20/3/245-260.html","chapter":9},{"note":21,"citation":"Varenne (noot 1), over de componenten Mᵢ en Rᵢ in het eerste artikel; zie verder hoofdstuk 10.","url":"https://shs.cairn.info/article/RHS_661_0167/pdf?lang=fr","chapter":9},{"note":22,"citation":"Rosen (1958b), zie noot 1. Paginering: Mikulecky-bibliografie (317–341); Miranda en La Guardia (noot 17) (317–42).","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm","chapter":9},{"note":23,"citation":"Varenne (noot 1), pp. 176–189 (abstract blokschema, inbedding in de categorie van verzamelingen, functoren die de voorstelling bewaren). Het abstracte blokschema en de deelcategorieën van de categorie van verzamelingen ook in R. Rosen, ‘A note on abstract relational biologies’ (noot 30).","url":"https://shs.cairn.info/article/RHS_661_0167/pdf?lang=fr","chapter":9},{"note":24,"citation":"Mathematics Genealogy Project, ‘Robert Rosen’ (id 110048): PhD University of Chicago 1959, proefschrift ‘A Relational Theory of Biological Systems’, promotor Nicolas Rashevsky; rosenlife.org/about (PhD in relationele biologie, Chicago, 1959).","url":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=110048","chapter":9},{"note":25,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘A relational theory of biological systems II’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 21/2 (1959), 109–128; Utah-index; Mikulecky-bibliografie.","url":"https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/idx/bullmathbiophys/20/3/245-260.html","chapter":9},{"note":26,"citation":"rosenlife.org/about (parafrase); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (categorietheoretische modellen van autonome organismen).","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":9},{"note":27,"citation":"Varenne (noot 1), samenvatting en pp. 189–190; philarchive.org/rec/VARTMT (samenvatting van hetzelfde artikel).","url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/VARTMT","chapter":9},{"note":28,"citation":"I. Siekmann, ‘An applied mathematician's perspective on Rosennean complexity’ (arXiv:1705.03322, 2017), met verwijzing naar A.H. Louie, *More Than Life Itself* (Frankfurt: Ontos, 2009), waar de modelleerrelatie als functor wordt uitgewerkt.","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":9},{"note":29,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘On a logical paradox implicit in the notion of a self-reproducing automaton’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 21/4 (december 1959), 387–394; Utah-index van het *Bulletin*; Mikulecky-bibliografie (noot 1). De inhoud is hier alleen weergegeven voor zover de titel die zegt; over von Neumann zie hoofdstuk 7.","url":"https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/idx/bullmathbiophys/21/4/387-394.html","chapter":9},{"note":30,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘A note on abstract relational biologies’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 24/1 (maart 1962), 31–38 (Springer, doi 10.1007/BF02477864); Mikulecky-bibliografie.","url":"https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF02477864","chapter":9},{"note":31,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘Church's thesis and its relation to the concept of realizability in biology and physics’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 24/4 (december 1962), 375–393 (doi 10.1007/BF02477996); Utah-index; Mikulecky-bibliografie.","url":"https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/idx/bullmathbiophys/24/4/375-393.html","chapter":9},{"note":32,"citation":"Varenne (noot 1), p. 204; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (in *Life Itself* concludeert Rosen dat (M,R)-systemen niet door Turingmachines te simuleren zijn).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":9},{"note":33,"citation":"Baianu en Marinescu (noot 19); S. Comorosan en I. Baianu, ‘Abstract representations of biological systems in supercategories’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics* 31 (1969), 59–70 (Springer, doi 10.1007/BF02478208).","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02478208","chapter":9},{"note":34,"citation":"Over de data van *Anticipatory Systems*: hoofdstuk 11. Over de rol van categorieën: Varenne (noot 1); Wikipedia, ‘Anticipatory Systems’ (het boek gebruikt wiskunde, met name categorietheorie).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems","chapter":9},{"note":35,"citation":"Varenne (noot 1), pp. 45 (bij Rosen) en 193–195.","url":"https://shs.cairn.info/article/RHS_661_0167/pdf?lang=fr","chapter":9},{"note":36,"citation":"A.H. Louie, *Intangible Life: Functorial Connections in Relational Biology* (Cham: Springer, 2017), Anticipation Science 2, uitgeverspagina link.springer.com/978-3-319-65408-9; CREA-aankondiging van een lezing van Louie, crealectics.com (12 januari 2019), met de drie boeken.","url":"https://link.springer.com/978-3-319-65408-9","chapter":9},{"note":1,"citation":"R. Rosen, *Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life* (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); WorldCat, OCLC 23386523. Over de formule ‘gesloten onder efficiënte oorzaak’ als Rosens definitie van een organisme: rosenlife.org/about; G. Piedrafita e.a., ‘A simple self-maintaining metabolic system: robustness, autocatalysis, bistability’, *PLoS Computational Biology* 6/8 (2010), e1000872.","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2916848","chapter":10},{"note":2,"citation":"Zie hoofdstuk 9 (bespreking van de artikelen van 1958). F. Varenne, *Revue d'histoire des sciences* 66/1 (2013), 167–197.","chapter":10},{"note":3,"citation":"Bibliografie bij het interview met Rosen, people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm: ‘A relational theory of biological systems II’, *Bull. Math. Biophys.* 21 (1959), 109–128; notitie over replicatie in (M,R)-systemen, 28 (1966), 149–151; verdere opmerkingen, 29 (1967), 91–94; ‘Realizations of (M,R)-systems and their interpretation’, 33 (1971), 303–319. De literatuurlijst van J.-C. Letelier e.a. (2006) (noot 5) noemt dezelfde artikelen van 1958, 1959, 1966, 1967 en 1971.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm","chapter":10},{"note":4,"citation":"R. Rosen (red.), *Foundations of Mathematical Biology*, 3 delen (New York: Academic Press, 1972–1973); catalogus Universiteitsbibliotheek Patras (find.library.upatras.gr, record 40034: deel 1 en 2 in 1972, deel 3 in 1973); Elsevier, uitgeverspagina van deel II, *Cellular Systems*, met hoofdstuk 4 ‘Some Relational Cell Models: The Metabolism-Repair Systems’. Paginering 217–253 volgens de Mikulecky-bibliografie (noot 3).","url":"https://shop.elsevier.com/books/foundations-of-mathematical-biology/rosen/978-0-12-597202-4","chapter":10},{"note":5,"citation":"J.-C. Letelier, J. Soto-Andrade, F. Guíñez Abarzúa, A. Cornish-Bowden en M.L. Cárdenas, ‘Organizational invariance and metabolic closure: analysis in terms of (M,R) systems’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 238 (2006), 949–961.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":6,"citation":"R. Rosen, ‘Dynamical realization of (M,R) systems’, *Bulletin of Mathematical Biology* 35 (1973), 1–9; Mikulecky-bibliografie (noot 3); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (in de jaren zeventig overwoog Rosen verwerkelijkingen met enzymen, RNA en DNA).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":10},{"note":7,"citation":"Rosen (1991), noot 1; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518.","url":"https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23386523","chapter":10},{"note":8,"citation":"Letelier e.a. (2006), noot 5; I. Siekmann, ‘An applied mathematician's perspective on Rosennean complexity’ (preprint, Göttingen, 2017; arXiv:1705.03322).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":10},{"note":9,"citation":"Letelier e.a. (2006), noot 5. Over ‘herstel’ als vervanging van katalysatoren ook Piedrafita e.a. (2010), noot 1 (‘metabolism–replacement systems’).","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":10,"citation":"Letelier e.a. (2006), noot 5; Siekmann (2017), noot 8 (β als element van B om een oneindige reeks te vermijden).","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":11,"citation":"Siekmann (2017), noot 8. Het schema is een eigen vereenvoudiging.","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":10},{"note":12,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518 (minimale modellen van eenvoudige organismen).","url":"https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/39518","chapter":10},{"note":13,"citation":"Letelier, Marín en Mpodozis (2003), noot 23 (efficiënte oorzaken worden intern voortgebracht); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (katalysatoren als producten van de stofwisseling). Over Aristoteles' vier oorzaken: hoofdstuk 5.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/autopoietic_mr.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":14,"citation":"Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, projectpagina ‘Cellular Self-Fabrication’ (J.-H. Hofmeyr, 14–23 mei 2017), kli.ac.at; aankondiging van Hofmeyrs KLI-colloquium ‘How the cell makes itself’ (18 mei 2017), kli.ac.at.","url":"https://kli.ac.at/en/research/all_projects/view/647","chapter":10},{"note":15,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (citaat uit *Life Itself* over gesloten kringen die in machines zijn uitgesloten); encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518. Parafrase.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":10},{"note":16,"citation":"Siekmann (2017), noot 8; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (verschil tussen eenvoudige en complexe modellen).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":10},{"note":17,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; Letelier, Marín en Mpodozis (2003), noot 23; Piedrafita e.a. (2010), noot 1.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":10},{"note":18,"citation":"S. Stepney, boekbesprekingen op www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44 (‘Robert Rosen’); rosenlife.org/about (organismen als ‘complexe’ systemen, geen machines).","url":"https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44/books/pages/r/RobertRosen.htm","chapter":10},{"note":19,"citation":"J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, bioRxiv-voorpublicatie (2021; zie noot 45): eenvoudige systemen zijn door een Turingmachine te simuleren, impredicatieve hiërarchische kringen niet; Siekmann (2017), noot 8, over Rosens definitie van simuleerbaar als Turing-berekenbaar. Over impredicativiteit als kenmerk van zulke modellen ook de samenvatting van een artikel van A.H. Louie op philarchive.org (record LOUTAL). Het voorbeeld van de slinger is een eigen illustratie.","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447371v2.full.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":20,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518. R. Rosen, *Essays on Life Itself* (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000). Over Russell en Whitehead: hoofdstuk 8.","url":"https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/39518","chapter":10},{"note":21,"citation":"Letelier, Marín en Mpodozis (2003), noot 23; Wikipedia, ‘Autopoiesis’ (1972, Maturana en Varela). Zie ook hoofdstuk 7.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/autopoietic_mr.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":22,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Autopoiesis’ (de theorieën verwijzen in hun hoofdpublicaties niet naar elkaar); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (de rij van theorieën van het leven).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis","chapter":10},{"note":23,"citation":"J.-C. Letelier, G. Marín en J. Mpodozis, ‘Autopoietic and (M,R) systems’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 222/2 (2003), 261–272 (doi 10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00034-1); ANID-onderzoekersdatabank (investigadores.anid.cl, werk 53151).","url":"https://investigadores.anid.cl/es/public_search/work?id=53151","chapter":10},{"note":24,"citation":"Letelier e.a. (2006), noot 5.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":25,"citation":"C. Gutiérrez, S. Jaramillo en J. Soto-Andrade, ‘Some thoughts on A.H. Louie's “More Than Life Itself: A Reflexion on Formal Systems and Biology”’, *Axiomathes* (2010; doi 10.1007/s10516-010-9118-8); Springer-pagina van hetzelfde artikel.","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/papers/thoughts-Louie.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":26,"citation":"C. Landauer en K.L. Bellman, ‘Theoretical biology: organisms and mechanisms’, *AIP Conference Proceedings* 627 (2002); Siekmann (2017), noot 8; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518. Over de reeks conferenties ‘Computing Anticipatory Systems’ (CASYS) in Luik: inhoudsopgave van *CASYS* 13 (2002), popups.lib.uliege.be. Dat deel 627 de proceedings van CASYS'01 bevat, kon niet met een tweede bron worden bevestigd en is daarom in de tekst algemeen gehouden.","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":10},{"note":27,"citation":"rosenlife.org/about; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":10},{"note":28,"citation":"Letelier e.a. (2006), noot 5 (PDF op pleiad.cl); bibliografische gegevens ook in Piedrafita e.a. (2010), noot 1.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":29,"citation":"Letelier e.a. (2006), noot 5. Over de kritiek op Landauer en Bellman ook Siekmann (2017), noot 8.","url":"https://pleiad.cl/_media/bic2007/papers/jtb_closurerosen.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":30,"citation":"Siekmann (2017), noot 8.","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":10},{"note":31,"citation":"D. Chu en W. Ho, ‘A category theoretical argument against the possibility of artificial life’, *Artificial Life* 12 (2006); samenvattingen op de pagina van MIT Press (direct.mit.edu) en in het Kent Academic Repository (kar.kent.ac.uk/14519). De volledige voornaam van Ho staat in geen van de geopende bronnen; hij wordt daarom met zijn initiaal aangeduid.","url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/14519/","chapter":10},{"note":32,"citation":"MIT Press (direct.mit.edu): *Artificial Life* (2006) 12 (1): 117–134; Kent Academic Repository (kar.kent.ac.uk/14519): 12 (4), 117–135; publicatielijst School of Computing, Kent (cs.kent.ac.uk/pubs/2006/2694): 12 (4), 182–196.","url":"https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article-abstract/12/1/117/2515/A-Category-Theoretical-Argument-against-the","chapter":10},{"note":33,"citation":"D. Chu en W. Ho, ‘The localization hypothesis and machines’, *Artificial Life* 13/3 (2007), 299–302, met samenvatting waarin Louie's oordeel ‘null and void’ wordt genoemd (kar.kent.ac.uk/14607); O. Wolkenhauer, ‘Interpreting Rosen’, *Artificial Life* 13/3 (2007), 291–292, met als samenvatting ‘Some reflections on Robert Rosen, Chu and Ho, and Louie’ (portal.fis.leibniz-lsb.tum.de).","url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/14607/","chapter":10},{"note":34,"citation":"Kent Academic Repository, lijst *Artificial Life*: D. Chu en W. Ho, ‘Computational realizations of living systems’, *Artificial Life* 13/4 (2007), 369–381.","url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/view/journal_volume/Artificial_Life.default.html","chapter":10},{"note":35,"citation":"M. Mossio, G. Longo en J. Stewart, ‘A computable expression of closure to efficient causation’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 257/3 (2009), 489–498 (doi 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.12.012); onderzoeksportaal van de Universiteit van Baskenland (ekoizpen-zientifikoa.ehu.eus); isidore.science (samenvatting).","url":"https://ekoizpen-zientifikoa.ehu.eus/documentos/5ef241aa2999526d9672059b?lang=en","chapter":10},{"note":36,"citation":"Samenvatting op isidore.science (noot 35); Piedrafita e.a. (2010), noot 1 (het artikel drukt sluiting uit in termen van de lambda-calculus). Over de lambda-calculus: hoofdstuk 8.","url":"https://isidore.science/document/10670/1.ry83f4","chapter":10},{"note":37,"citation":"Gutiérrez, Jaramillo en Soto-Andrade (2010), noot 25.","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/papers/thoughts-Louie.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":38,"citation":"M.L. Cárdenas, J.-C. Letelier, C. Gutiérrez, A. Cornish-Bowden en J. Soto-Andrade, ‘Closure to efficient causation, computability and artificial life’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 263/1 (maart 2010), 79–92; BibTeX op users.dcc.uchile.cl; repositorio.uchile.cl (handle 2250/119040, ‘article in press’ 2009, doi 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.11.010).","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~gnavarro/res/bib/JTB.263.1.79.txt","chapter":10},{"note":39,"citation":"Samenvatting van Cárdenas e.a. (2010) op users.dcc.uchile.cl; Piedrafita e.a. (2010), noot 1 (waar de controverse ‘uitvoerig’ in Cárdenas e.a. wordt besproken).","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~gnavarro/res/abs/JTB.263.1.79.txt","chapter":10},{"note":40,"citation":"Piedrafita e.a. (2010), noot 1 (gepubliceerd 5 augustus 2010); Siekmann (2017), noot 8 (lijst van simulaties door de groep van Cárdenas en Cornish-Bowden).","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2916848","chapter":10},{"note":41,"citation":"Gutiérrez, Jaramillo en Soto-Andrade (2010), noot 25.","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/papers/thoughts-Louie.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":42,"citation":"O. Wolkenhauer en J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, ‘An abstract cell model that describes the self-organization of cell function in living systems’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 246/3 (2007); SUNScholar, Universiteit Stellenbosch (handle 10019.1/11388), met samenvatting; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (verwijzing naar hetzelfde artikel); Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (noot 43) (publicatielijst).","url":"https://scholar.sun.ac.za:443/handle/10019.1/11388","chapter":10},{"note":43,"citation":"Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, fellowpagina ‘Jan-Hendrik Hofmeyr’ (academisch jaar 2014/2015), wiko-berlin.de; SUNScholar (noot 42) voor de verbinding met Stellenbosch.","url":"https://www.wiko-berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr/2014/hofmeyr-jan-hendrik","chapter":10},{"note":44,"citation":"Konrad Lorenz Institute, projectpagina en colloquiumaankondiging (noot 14).","url":"https://www.kli.ac.at/en/events/kli_colloquia/view/396","chapter":10},{"note":45,"citation":"J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, ‘A biochemically-realisable relational model of the self-manufacturing cell’, *BioSystems* 207 (2021), 104463 (doi 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104463), volgens de literatuurlijst van E. Brown en S.T. Vittadello, ‘Studying self-organisation across the biosphere with process-enablement graphs’ (arXiv:2411.17012, versie van 17 maart 2025); voorpublicatie op bioRxiv (doi 10.1101/2021.06.07.447371) onder dezelfde titel.","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.17012","chapter":10},{"note":46,"citation":"Voorpublicatie op bioRxiv (noot 45).","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447371v2.full.pdf","chapter":10},{"note":47,"citation":"Brown en Vittadello (noot 45), § 4.2.","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.17012","chapter":10},{"note":48,"citation":"H.H. Pattee, ‘The physics of symbols: bridging the epistemic cut’, *BioSystems* 60 (2001), 5–21 (casci.binghamton.edu), met verwijzingen naar Rosen (1987, 1991); Hofmeyr, bioRxiv (noot 45); J. Umerez, ‘Howard Pattee's theoretical biology: a radical epistemological stance to approach life, evolution and complexity’, *BioSystems* 60 (2001), 159–177 (trefwoorden epistemic cut, semantic closure). De uitleg in de tekst is een parafrase.","url":"https://casci.binghamton.edu/publications/pattee/pattee.html","chapter":10},{"note":49,"citation":"M. Montévil en M. Mossio, ‘Biological organisation as closure of constraints’, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 372 (2015), 179–191, volgens Brown en Vittadello (noot 45) en de publicatielijst van Mossio (noot 50); Siekmann (2017), noot 8, over de vertaling van efficiënte oorzaken in ‘beperkingen’ en ‘sluiting van beperkingen’.","url":"https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/page-perso/matteo.mossio@","chapter":10},{"note":50,"citation":"M. Mossio, M. Montévil, G. Longo e.a., ‘Theoretical principles for biology: organization’, *Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology* 122/1 (2016), volgens Siekmann (2017), noot 8, en de publicatielijst van Mossio (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, pantheonsorbonne.fr); Montévil en Mossio (2015) en Moreno en Mossio (2015) worden voor hetzelfde begrip aangehaald in Brown en Vittadello (noot 45).","url":"https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/page-perso/matteo.mossio@","chapter":10},{"note":1,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems’, *Foresight* 12/3 (2010), 18–29 (Emerald; doi 10.1108/14636681011049848), over bladval op het signaal van de daglengte; M. Nadin, ‘Anticipation – a spooky computation’ (CASYS 99, Luik, 1999), nadin.ws/archives/39, over ‘Rosens loofbomen’. Rosens definitie: noot 11.","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-rosens-as-2010.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":2,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions’ (opgericht 1959 in Santa Barbara door Robert M. Hutchins); Rosen (2012), noot 4 (Nadin: het Center was opgericht door Robert Hutchins); rosenlife.org/about (‘Robert Hutchins' Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara’).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Democratic_Institutions","chapter":11},{"note":3,"citation":"rosenlife.org/about; Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518.","url":"https://www.rosenlife.org/about","chapter":11},{"note":4,"citation":"R. Rosen, *Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations*, 2e druk (New York: Springer, 2012), voorwoord van Rosen en Prolegomena van M. Nadin; PDF op crealectics.com (2018).","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":5,"citation":"M. Nadin, ‘Anticipation comes of age’ (voorwoord), nadin.ws/archives/958.","url":"https://www.nadin.ws/archives/958","chapter":11},{"note":6,"citation":"Rosen (2012), noot 4 (Nadin over het eerste werkdocument, 1972); Mikulecky-bibliografie, people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm (‘Planning, management, policies and strategies’, ook in *International Journal of General Systems* 1 (1974), 245–252; ‘Some temporal aspects of political change’, ook in *International Journal of General Systems* 1/2 (1974), 93–103).","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm","chapter":11},{"note":7,"citation":"Mikulecky-bibliografie (noot 6), lijst van CSDI-stukken uit 1973–1974, meest in *Quarterly Bulletin of Theoretical Biology* 7/1 (1974) of als Center Report.","url":"https://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rosen.htm","chapter":11},{"note":8,"citation":"Inhoudsopgave van Rosen (2012), noot 4: § 1.2 ‘The reactive paradigm: its basic features’; Louie (2010), noot 1 (terugkoppeling als door fouten aangedreven).","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":9,"citation":"Interview met Robert Rosen door Judith Rosen, Rochester, juli 1997, transcriptie op people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rsntpe.html (gecorrigeerd 14 juli 2000). Parafrase.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rsntpe.html","chapter":11},{"note":10,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 1.","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-rosens-as-2010.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":11,"citation":"Rosen (2012), noot 4 (Prolegomena: Rosens definitie, geciteerd door Nadin); M. Nadin, ‘Anticipation and dynamics: Rosen's anticipation in the perspective of time’, *International Journal of General Systems* 39/1 (2010), 3–33 (philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD), waar Nadin Rosens definitie met de zijne vergelijkt. Vertaling door de auteur.","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD","chapter":11},{"note":12,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 1; M. Sims, ‘Many paths to anticipatory behavior’, *Biological Theory* 18/2 (2023), 114–133, met Rosens definitie van een systeem dat een voorspellend model van zichzelf en/of zijn omgeving bevat; Elsevier, uitgeverspagina van *Anticipatory Systems* (1985), noot 31.","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13752-022-00426-w","chapter":11},{"note":13,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 1; Sims (2023), noot 12 (de dynamiek van het model loopt sneller dan het gemodelleerde proces).","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-rosens-as-2010.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":14,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 1; Nadin (1999), noot 1.","url":"https://www.nadin.ws/archives/39","chapter":11},{"note":15,"citation":"R. Rosen, *Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems* (New York: North-Holland, 1978), North-Holland Series in General Systems Research; CiNii (ncid BA00170707); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’. R. Rosen, ‘On anticipatory systems’ I en II, *Journal of Social and Biological Structures* 1 (1978), 155–162, en (1979) 163–180: Mikulecky-bibliografie (noot 6). Inhoudsopgave van *Anticipatory Systems*: noot 4.","url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00170707","chapter":11},{"note":16,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 1; D.C. Mikulecky, ‘When will a modeling relation commute?’, people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/mrcom.html.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/mrcom.html","chapter":11},{"note":17,"citation":"I. Siekmann, ‘An applied mathematician's perspective on Rosennean complexity’ (arXiv:1705.03322, 2017), met verwijzing naar A.H. Louie, *More Than Life Itself* (Ontos, 2009).","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03322","chapter":11},{"note":18,"citation":"Mikulecky (noot 16). Parafrase.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/mrcom.html","chapter":11},{"note":19,"citation":"Inhoudsopgave van Rosen (2012), noot 4: hoofdstuk 4 ‘The encodings of time’ (§§ 4.1–4.8); §§ 5.6 ‘The concept of error’, 5.7 ‘Error and complexity’, 6.4 ‘An application: senescence’, 6.5 ‘Adaptation, natural selection and evolution’, 6.6 ‘Learning’; § 8.7 ‘M-R systems and anticipation’ (Kineman en Rosen); Elsevier-pagina (noot 31) over parallellen tussen anticiperende regeling en leren en aanpassing.","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":20,"citation":"J. Rosen, ‘Preface to the second edition: the nature of life’, in Rosen (2012), noot 4. Parafrase.","url":"https://crealectics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/anticipatory-systems-rosen.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":21,"citation":"J. Rosen, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems theory: the art and science of thinking ahead’, *Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the ISSS* (2009), journals.isss.org. Parafrase.","url":"https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/article/download/1249/410","chapter":11},{"note":22,"citation":"M. Nadin, ‘Rich evidence: anticipation research in progress’, *International Journal of General Systems* 41/1 (2012), 1–3, op nadin.ws/archives/1554; CREA-aankondiging van een lezing van Louie (crealectics.com, 12 januari 2019), over Louie's voortzetting van Rosens werk aan anticipatie.","url":"https://www.nadin.ws/archives/1554","chapter":11},{"note":23,"citation":"Konrad Lorenz Institute, projectpagina ‘Cellular Self-Fabrication’ (2017), kli.ac.at; zie hoofdstuk 10. J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, ‘Basic biological anticipation’, in R. Poli (red.), *Handbook of Anticipation* (Cham: Springer, 2019), 219–233, volgens de literatuurlijst van E. Brown en S.T. Vittadello (arXiv:2411.17012).","url":"https://kli.ac.at/en/research/all_projects/view/647","chapter":11},{"note":24,"citation":"Nadin (2012), noot 22; Rosen (2012), noot 4 (Prolegomena: Klir medeoprichter van het tijdschrift, eerste nummer 1974).","url":"https://www.nadin.ws/archives/1554","chapter":11},{"note":25,"citation":"UT Dallas News, ‘Journal honors pioneering ATEC professor's work’ (23 maart 2011); curriculum vitae van M. Nadin, dox.utdallas.edu/pcv2464 (nummer met inleiding van Klir); philarchive.org/rec/NADAAD (39/1, 3–33).","url":"https://news.utdallas.edu/faculty-staff/journal-honors-pioneering-atec-professors-work","chapter":11},{"note":26,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 1. Het korte citaat ‘simulation describes; model explains’ is hier vertaald.","url":"https://constable.blog/wp-content/uploads/LouieRRAS2010.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":27,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’; encyclopedia.pub, entry 39518.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(biologist)","chapter":11},{"note":28,"citation":"O. Wolkenhauer en J.-H.S. Hofmeyr, *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 246/3 (2007); zie hoofdstuk 10. Samenvatting op SUNScholar (Universiteit Stellenbosch, handle 10019.1/11388).","url":"https://scholar.sun.ac.za:443/handle/10019.1/11388","chapter":11},{"note":29,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 1.","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-rosens-as-2010.pdf","chapter":11},{"note":30,"citation":"Rosen (2012), noot 4 (voorwoord: geschreven januari–juni 1979; Pergamon 1985; IFSR-reeks deel 1, redactie Klir); Elsevier, uitgeverspagina (noot 31) (1985, redactie G. 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Stepney, boekbespreking ‘Robert Rosen’, www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44; interview 1997 (noot 9). Parafrase.","url":"https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44/books/pages/r/RobertRosen.htm","chapter":11},{"note":38,"citation":"Interview 1997 (noot 9). Parafrase.","url":"https://people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/rsntpe.html","chapter":11},{"note":39,"citation":"Stepney (noot 37); Wikipedia, ‘Robert Rosen (biologist)’ (organisatie omvat relaties tussen delen, hun effecten en de omgeving).","url":"https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~ss44/books/pages/r/RobertRosen.htm","chapter":11},{"note":40,"citation":"F. Varenne, ‘Théorie mathématique des catégories en biologie et notion d'équivalence naturelle chez Robert Rosen’, *Revue d'histoire des sciences* 66/1 (2013), 167–197, pp. 193–195 en 204; philarchive.org/rec/VARTMT. 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Wolkenhauer, ‘Interpreting Rosen’, *Artificial Life* 13/3 (2007), 291–292 (‘reflections on Robert Rosen, Chu and Ho, and Louie’). Zie hoofdstuk 10.","url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/14607/","chapter":12},{"note":12,"citation":"Samenvatting van het artikel op philarchive.org (record LOUTAL). Een artikel van A.H. Louie en S.W. Kercel, ‘Topology and life redux: Robert Rosen's relational diagrams of living systems’, *Axiomathes* 17/2 (2007), 109–136, staat vermeld op meta.ophen.org; of de samenvatting op philarchive bij dit artikel hoort, kon niet worden vastgesteld. Daarom is in de tekst geen titel genoemd.","url":"https://dc2.philarchive.org/rec/LOUTAL","chapter":12},{"note":13,"citation":"C. Gutiérrez, S. Jaramillo en J. Soto-Andrade, ‘Some thoughts on A.H. Louie's “More Than Life Itself: A Reflexion on Formal Systems and Biology”’, *Axiomathes* (2010; doi 10.1007/s10516-010-9118-8), PDF op users.dcc.uchile.cl; Springer-pagina van hetzelfde artikel; samenvatting op users.dcc.uchile.cl (Axiomathes 21, 439).","url":"https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/papers/thoughts-Louie.pdf","chapter":12},{"note":14,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 4; ResearchGate-record van hetzelfde artikel (vol. 12, nr. 3, 18–29, Emerald).","url":"https://constable.blog/wp-content/uploads/LouieRRAS2010.pdf","chapter":12},{"note":15,"citation":"A.H. Louie, ‘Mathematical foundations of anticipatory systems’, in R. Poli (red.), *Handbook of Anticipation* (Cham: Springer, 2019), 937–964 (link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-91554-8_21); CREA (noot 3) (dezelfde omschrijving van een anticiperend systeem).","url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-91554-8_21","chapter":12},{"note":16,"citation":"CREA (noot 3); Springer, hoofdstukpagina (noot 15).","url":"https://crealectics.com/2019/01/12/what-is-life-anticipation-in-relational-biology-a-public-talk-by-dr-aloisius-h-louie-28-march-2019-university-of-orebro-crea-seminar/","chapter":12},{"note":17,"citation":"Curriculum vitae van M. Nadin, University of Texas at Dallas (dox.utdallas.edu/pcv2464); Wikipedia, ‘Mihai Nadin’ (studies in Boekarest, doctoraat esthetica, habilitatie in München bij Wolfgang Stegmüller; computational design in Wuppertal, 1994).","url":"https://dox.utdallas.edu/pcv2464","chapter":12},{"note":18,"citation":"nadin.ws, boekpagina ‘MIND – Anticipation and Chaos’ (Belser Presse, Stuttgart/Zürich, 1991, 176 blz., Milestones in Thought and Discovery; kernthese); curriculum vitae (noot 17); M. Nadin, ‘Anticipation comes of age’, nadin.ws/archives/958 (literatuurlijst).","url":"https://www.nadin.ws/archives/436","chapter":12},{"note":19,"citation":"M. Nadin, ‘Anticipation and dynamics: Rosen's anticipation in the perspective of time’, *International Journal of General Systems* 39/1 (2010), 3–33, philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD; Nadin, ‘Anticipation comes of age’ (noot 18). Parafrase.","url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/NADAAD","chapter":12},{"note":20,"citation":"Curriculum vitae (noot 17) (antÉ opgericht 2002 in Little Compton, RI; directeur aan UT Dallas sinds september 2004; Ashbel Smith University Professor 2004); Wikipedia, ‘Mihai Nadin’ (opgericht 2002, in 2004 naar UT Dallas); ontologforum.org, ‘MihaiNadin’ (idem).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Nadin","chapter":12},{"note":21,"citation":"Wikipedia, ‘Mihai Nadin’ (Study Group on Anticipation, Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, Delmenhorst, 2012); ontologforum.org (noot 20) (studiegroep Anticipation Across Disciplines aan het Hanse Institute for Advanced Study). Het jaar 2012 staat in één bron en is daarom weggelaten.","url":"https://ontologforum.org/index.php/MihaiNadin","chapter":12},{"note":22,"citation":"M. Nadin, ‘Prolegomena’, in R. Rosen, *Anticipatory Systems*, 2e druk (New York: Springer, 2012), PDF op crealectics.com. Nadin beschrijft daar zelf een contact in 1995. 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Nadin (red.), *Anticipation Across Disciplines* (Cham: Springer, 2016), Cognitive Systems Monographs 29 (link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-22599-9); Springer, boekpagina M. Nadin (red.), *Anticipation and Medicine* (Cham: Springer, 2017) (link.springer.com/book/9783319451404); British Library, catalogus (eld.bl.uk, record 019154439: *Anticipation and Medicine*, voortgekomen uit de International Conference on Anticipation and Medicine).","url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-22599-9","chapter":12},{"note":31,"citation":"Springer, boekpagina R. Poli, *Introduction to Anticipation Studies* (Cham: Springer, 2017), Anticipation Science, deel 1 (springer.com/book/9783319630212); Springer (noot 5) (*Intangible Life* als deel 2); Springer, redactiepagina van de reeks (springer.com/series/15713/editors): Poli hoofdredacteur, hoogleraar filosofie in Trento; curriculum vitae van R. 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Sims, ‘Many paths to anticipatory behavior: anticipatory model acquisition across phylogenetic and ontogenetic timescales’, *Biological Theory* 18/2 (2023), 114–133 (open access, doi 10.1007/s13752-022-00426-w), link.springer.com. Parafrase.","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13752-022-00426-w","chapter":12},{"note":35,"citation":"F. Vega, ‘The cell as a semiotic system that realizes closure to efficient causation: the semiotic (M, R) system’, *BioSystems* 240 (2024), 105226 (doi 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105226), repository e-spacio.uned.es.","url":"https://e-spacio.uned.es/entities/publication/216fb313-637a-4f26-9af1-41946efb9dbe/full","chapter":12},{"note":36,"citation":"NYPL Research Catalog (bib b10779073): R.C. Schank (1946–2023), *Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People* (Cambridge en New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), xv + 234 blz.; CiNii (ncid BA00764257); Wikipedia, ‘Roger Schank’ (geboren 12 maart 1946, overleden 29 januari 2023).","url":"https://discovery.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b10779073","chapter":12},{"note":37,"citation":"Yale University, collegeaantekeningen CPSC 458 ‘Case-based reasoning’ (zoo.cs.yale.edu); Wikipedia, ‘Roger Schank’ (R.C. Schank en R.P. Abelson, *Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding*, 1977).","url":"https://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs458/lectures/old2015/CBR.html","chapter":12},{"note":38,"citation":"Yale, collegeaantekeningen (noot 37) (dynamisch geheugen, MOP's, herinneren, leren door verwachtingsfout, verklaring en herstel; case-based reasoning); Wikipedia, ‘Roger Schank’ (case-based reasoning gebaseerd op het model van het dynamische geheugen).","url":"https://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs458/lectures/old2015/CBR.html","chapter":12},{"note":39,"citation":"R. Schank, ‘Information is surprises’, hoofdstuk 9 in J. Brockman, *The Third Culture* (1995), op edge.org. Parafrase.","url":"https://www.edge.org/node/20996","chapter":12},{"note":40,"citation":"Louie (2010), noot 4; inhoudsopgave van Rosen (2012), noot 22 (§§ 5.6, 5.7, 6.5, 6.6). Zie hoofdstuk 11.","url":"https://ahlouie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/louie-rosens-as-2010.pdf","chapter":12},{"note":41,"citation":"J. Rosen, ‘Preface to the second edition: the nature of life’, in Rosen (2012), noot 22; J. Rosen, ‘Robert Rosen's anticipatory systems theory: the art and science of thinking ahead’ (ISSS, 2009), journals.isss.org.","url":"https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/article/download/1249/410","chapter":12}]}