{"chapters":[{"chapter":1,"title":"The pattern","part":"I","summary":"Diogenes' life follows one pattern:"},{"chapter":2,"title":"The start: a coin in Sinope","part":"I","summary":"Diogenes came from Sinope, a Greek city on the south coast of the Black Sea, in what is now Turkey. His father, Hicesias, was a money-changer or banker in the city."},{"chapter":3,"title":"Step 1: Athens and the teacher who did not want him","part":"I","summary":"According to Diogenes Laertius, Diogenes sought out Antisthenes in Athens, a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes did not want a student and tried to send him away, but Diogenes kept coming back until he was accepted. The dates make this story doubtful; some scholars think Diogenes knew Antisthenes only from his writings. The link with Socrates, through Antisthenes, is therefore a probable trace, not a certain one."},{"chapter":4,"title":"Step 2: The jar, the lamp and the plucked chicken","part":"I","summary":"In Athens, Diogenes lived without a house. He slept in a large clay storage jar, a pithos. The later image of a wooden barrel is a Latin reinterpretation. He owned a cloak, a staff and a bag."},{"chapter":5,"title":"Step 3: Citizen of the world","part":"I","summary":"When someone asked Diogenes where he came from, he answered: kosmopolitēs, \"I am a citizen of the world\". The word is attributed to him. In a world where a person's identity was his city, he refused to belong to one. He placed himself under the order of nature, not under the laws of a single city."},{"chapter":6,"title":"Step 4: Stand out of my light (Corinth)","part":"I","summary":"Diogenes spent part of his life in Corinth. One story says that pirates captured him and sold him as a slave in Crete. When the auctioneer asked what he could do, he told him to sell him to someone who needed a master. A Corinthian, Xeniades, bought him, and Diogenes taught his sons. Scholars think this story is probably invented."},{"chapter":7,"title":"Step 5: The end, and the line that followed","part":"I","summary":"Diogenes died in or near Corinth, around 323 BC, probably of old age. Ancient sources give his age as about 81 or about 90. Several stories about his death circulate: that he held his breath, ate a raw octopus or was bitten by a dog. One legend says he died on the same day as Alexander, in June 323 BC. That is almost certainly a later invention.","period":{"from":-323,"to":-323}},{"chapter":8,"title":"The ideas in plain words","part":"I","summary":""},{"chapter":9,"title":"The question behind the pattern","part":"I","summary":""},{"chapter":10,"title":"The thread backwards: what inspired Diogenes","part":"II","summary":"Most freethinkers in this series stand on a line of books and teachers. Diogenes stands on a short line of people, one hero from myth, and above all on what he saw around him. His sources were a mouse, a child and a dog as much as any philosopher."},{"chapter":11,"title":"The thread forwards: whom Diogenes inspired","part":"III","summary":"The line forwards is long, and it comes back again and again. It moves through four waves.","period":{"from":1770,"to":1983}},{"chapter":12,"title":"The knots","part":"III","summary":"Not every link is a direct influence. The series uses two kinds:"},{"chapter":13,"title":"The expectations that failed","part":"III","summary":"The golden thread in Diogenes' life is the test of value: every value that a society hands out is checked against nature and reason, and what fails the test is dropped in public. He did not argue against convention. He lived without it. That is what makes him a freethinker."}],"places":[{"id":"sinope","name":"Sinope","lat":42.026,"lon":35.151,"role":"Greek city on the south coast of the Black Sea, now in Turkey; the coin affair","chapters":[2]},{"id":"delphi","name":"Delphi","lat":38.482,"lon":22.501,"role":"the oracle: 'deface the currency' (legend)","chapters":[2,10]},{"id":"athene","name":"Athens","lat":37.98,"lon":23.73,"role":"Antisthenes, the jar, the lamp, the plucked chicken","chapters":[3,4,10]},{"id":"corinth","name":"Corinth","lat":37.906,"lon":22.879,"role":"part of his life; Xeniades; Alexander; died in or near Corinth, around 323 BC","chapters":[6,7]},{"id":"crete","name":"Crete","lat":35.24,"lon":24.81,"role":"where pirates are said to have sold him as a slave (probably invented)","chapters":[6]},{"id":"thebes","name":"Thebes","lat":38.32,"lon":23.318,"role":"Crates of Thebes, his pupil and successor (from the name only)","chapters":[11]},{"id":"citium","name":"Citium","lat":34.917,"lon":33.63,"role":"Zeno of Citium, founder of Stoicism (from the name only)","chapters":[11]},{"id":"berkeley","name":"Berkeley","lat":37.872,"lon":-122.273,"role":"Foucault's lectures on parrhesia, 1983","chapters":[11]},{"id":"paris","name":"Paris (Collège de France)","lat":48.849,"lon":2.345,"role":"Foucault's lectures, 1983–1984","chapters":[11]}],"persons":[{"id":"diogenes","name":"Diogenes of Sinope","born":-412,"died":-323,"role":"born about 412 or 404 BC, died about 323 BC","chapters":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]},{"id":"diogenes_laertius","name":"Diogenes Laertius","born":null,"died":null,"role":"author of Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6; the main source, more than five hundred years after his death","chapters":[1,3,4]},{"id":"hicesias","name":"Hicesias","born":null,"died":null,"role":"his father, a money-changer or banker in Sinope","chapters":[2]},{"id":"antisthenes","name":"Antisthenes","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Teacher in Athens per Diogenes Laertius; dates doubtful","chapters":[3,10,12]},{"id":"socrates","name":"Socrates","born":null,"died":null,"role":"'A Socrates gone mad'; link through Antisthenes","chapters":[4,10,12]},{"id":"plato","name":"Plato","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Opponent; plucked chicken","chapters":[4,12]},{"id":"alexander","name":"Alexander the Great","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Encounter in Corinth","chapters":[6,12]},{"id":"xeniades","name":"Xeniades","born":null,"died":null,"role":"the Corinthian who is said to have bought him; Diogenes taught his sons (probably invented)","chapters":[6]},{"id":"plutarch","name":"Plutarch","born":null,"died":null,"role":"reports the meeting with Alexander","chapters":[6]},{"id":"heracles","name":"Heracles","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Hero of endurance; staff as club; Cerberus","chapters":[10,12]},{"id":"crates","name":"Crates of Thebes","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Pupil and successor","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"zeno","name":"Zeno of Citium","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Pupil of Crates; founder of Stoicism","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"foucault","name":"Michel Foucault","born":null,"died":null,"role":"1983-84 lectures on parrhesia and the Cynics","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"epictetus","name":"Epictetus","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Discourses 3.22 on the calling of the Cynic","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"dio","name":"Dio Chrysostom","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Speeches 4, 6, 8-10; Diogenes as ideal philosopher and model for kingship","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"julian","name":"Emperor Julian","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Orations 6 and 7; Diogenes next to Socrates","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"wieland","name":"Christoph Martin Wieland","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Sokrates Mainomenos oder die Dialogen des Diogenes von Sinope (1770)","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"nietzsche","name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","born":null,"died":null,"role":"The madman with the lantern, Gay Science 125 (1882)","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"sloterdijk","name":"Peter Sloterdijk","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Kritik der zynischen Vernunft (1983)","chapters":[11,12]},{"id":"spinoza","name":"Baruch Spinoza","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Living by nature and reason; freedom through understanding","chapters":[12]},{"id":"krishnamurti","name":"Jiddu Krishnamurti","born":null,"died":null,"role":"Public refusal of offices and values","chapters":[12]}],"events":[{"year":-395,"label":"Father Hicesias a money-changer; father and son accused of debasing coins; defaced coins of Sinope confirmed by finds · certainty: coins documented; details disputed — IEP; Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor","place":"sinope","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":2},{"year":-394,"label":"Oracle 'deface the currency' · certainty: legend — IEP; Wikipedia","place":"delphi","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":2},{"year":-394,"label":"Oracle 'deface the currency' · certainty: legend — IEP; Wikipedia","place":"delphi","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":10},{"year":-390,"label":"Leaves Sinope (banished or fled) and goes to Athens · certainty: documented — IEP; Wikipedia","place":"athene","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":2},{"year":-385,"label":"Seeks out Antisthenes, pupil of Socrates · certainty: disputed (dates) — IEP; Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor","place":"athene","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":3},{"year":-385,"label":"Seeks out Antisthenes, pupil of Socrates · certainty: disputed (dates) — IEP; Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor","place":"athene","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":10},{"year":-380,"label":"Lives in a pithos (clay jar) · certainty: reported — IEP; Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor","place":"athene","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":4},{"year":-375,"label":"Lamp in daylight: 'looking for a human being' · certainty: anecdote — IEP; Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor","place":"athene","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":4},{"year":-370,"label":"Plucked chicken as 'Plato's human being'; Plato calls him 'a Socrates gone mad' · certainty: anecdote — IEP; Wikipedia; Diogenes Laertius VI","place":"athene","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":4},{"year":-360,"label":"Calls himself kosmopolites, citizen of the world · certainty: reported — Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":5},{"year":-350,"label":"Captured by pirates, sold to Xeniades · certainty: probably invented — IEP; Wikipedia","place":"crete","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":6},{"year":-340,"label":"Alexander the Great: 'stand a little out of my sun' · certainty: anecdote — Wikipedia (Plutarch); Great Books Guy (Diogenes Laertius, Hecaton); PhilosophyProfessor","place":"corinth","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":6},{"year":-323,"label":"Dies c. 323 BC, probably of old age, aged about 81 or 90; same day as Alexander is legend · certainty: approximate — IEP; Wikipedia","place":"corinth","approx":true,"chapter":7},{"year":-300,"label":"Crates of Thebes continues Cynicism; Crates teaches Zeno of Citium, founder of Stoicism · certainty: documented — Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor; Great Books Guy","alleen_volgorde":true,"approx":true,"chapter":11},{"year":1770,"label":"Wieland publishes Sokrates Mainomenos oder die Dialogen des Diogenes von Sinope — the text (The thread forwards); knots.json","chapter":11},{"year":1882,"label":"Nietzsche, The Gay Science, section 125: the madman with the lantern — the text (The thread forwards); knots.json","chapter":11},{"year":1983,"label":"Foucault lectures on parrhesia and the Cynics (Berkeley; College de France) · certainty: documented — NDPR, Fearless Speech; Macmillan, The Courage of Truth","place":"berkeley","approx":true,"chapter":11},{"year":1983,"label":"Foucault lectures on parrhesia and the Cynics (Berkeley; College de France) · certainty: documented — NDPR, Fearless Speech; Macmillan, The Courage of Truth","place":"paris","approx":true,"chapter":11},{"year":1983,"label":"Sloterdijk publishes Kritik der zynischen Vernunft — the text (The thread forwards); knots.json","chapter":11}],"works":[{"title":"Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6","author":"diogenes_laertius","year":null,"chapter":1},{"title":"Discourses 3.22","author":"epictetus","year":null,"chapter":11},{"title":"Sokrates Mainomenos oder die Dialogen des Diogenes von Sinope","author":"wieland","year":1770,"chapter":11},{"title":"The Gay Science","author":"nietzsche","year":1882,"chapter":11},{"title":"Kritik der zynischen Vernunft","author":"sloterdijk","year":1983,"chapter":11},{"title":"Fearless Speech","author":"foucault","year":2001,"chapter":11},{"title":"The Courage of Truth","author":"foucault","year":2011,"chapter":11}],"concepts":[{"term":"paracharattein to nomisma","explanation":"To deface the currency; nomisma means both coin and custom.","chapter":1},{"term":"pithos","explanation":"A large clay storage jar. The later image of a wooden barrel is a Latin reinterpretation.","chapter":4},{"term":"kyon","explanation":"Dog. From it came the name of his school: the Cynics, the dog-like ones.","chapter":4},{"term":"kosmopolitēs","explanation":"Citizen of the world. The word is attributed to him.","chapter":5},{"term":"physis against nomos","explanation":"What is natural is good; much of what society demands is only agreed, not necessary.","chapter":8},{"term":"autarkeia","explanation":"Self-sufficiency: need as little as possible, so that nothing and no one can control you.","chapter":8},{"term":"askēsis","explanation":"Training: practise hardship, so that fortune cannot break you.","chapter":8},{"term":"parrhēsia","explanation":"Frank speech: say the truth, also to the powerful.","chapter":8},{"term":"anaideia","explanation":"Shamelessness: what is not wrong in private is not wrong in public.","chapter":8},{"term":"Trace","explanation":"A documented link: a teacher, a letter, a book that was read.","chapter":12},{"term":"Echo","explanation":"A shared idea without proof that one person learned it from the other.","chapter":12}],"connections":[{"from":"antisthenes","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"omstreden","label":"Teacher in Athens per Diogenes Laertius; dates doubtful · certainty: disputed (IEP; Wikipedia)","chapter":3},{"from":"socrates","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"waarschijnlijk","label":"'A Socrates gone mad'; link through Antisthenes · certainty: probable (IEP; Diogenes Laertius VI)","chapter":4},{"from":"plato","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"anekdote","label":"Opponent; plucked chicken · certainty: anecdote (IEP; Wikipedia)","chapter":4},{"from":"alexander","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"anekdote","label":"Encounter in Corinth · certainty: anecdote (Wikipedia; Great Books Guy)","chapter":6},{"from":"heracles","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"overgeleverd","label":"Hero of endurance; staff as club; Cerberus · certainty: model of the school (Wikipedia, Cynicism; Wikipedia, Diogenes)","chapter":10},{"from":"The mouse","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"anekdote","label":"Value of a simple life · certainty: anecdote (IEP; Wikipedia, Diogenes)","chapter":10},{"from":"The child drinking from his hands","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"anekdote","label":"Threw away his cup · certainty: anecdote (Diogenes Laertius) (Wikipedia, Diogenes)","chapter":10},{"from":"The dog","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"overgeleverd","label":"His name and the name of the school · certainty: reported (Wikipedia, Diogenes; Wikipedia, Cynicism; PhilosophyProfessor)","chapter":10},{"from":"The oracle","to":"diogenes","kind":"spoor","status":"legende","label":"'Deface the currency' · certainty: legend (IEP; Wikipedia, Diogenes)","chapter":10},{"from":"socrates","to":"antisthenes","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Antisthenes was a pupil of Socrates (the text; Wikipedia, Cynicism)","chapter":10},{"from":"diogenes","to":"crates","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Pupil and successor · certainty: documented (Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor)","chapter":11},{"from":"crates","to":"zeno","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Pupil of Crates; founder of Stoicism · certainty: documented (Wikipedia; PhilosophyProfessor)","chapter":11},{"from":"diogenes","to":"foucault","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"1983-84 lectures on parrhesia and the Cynics · certainty: documented (reception) (NDPR; Macmillan)","chapter":11},{"from":"diogenes","to":"epictetus","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Discourses 3.22 on the calling of the Cynic · certainty: documented (Brown, Cynics; Dickinson College Commentaries)","chapter":11},{"from":"diogenes","to":"dio","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Speeches 4, 6, 8-10; Diogenes as ideal philosopher and model for kingship · certainty: documented (Brown, Cynics; Profil 2022)","chapter":11},{"from":"diogenes","to":"julian","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Orations 6 and 7; Diogenes next to Socrates · certainty: documented (Brown, Cynics; Wikisource, Oration VI)","chapter":11},{"from":"diogenes","to":"wieland","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Sokrates Mainomenos oder die Dialogen des Diogenes von Sinope (1770) · certainty: documented (Shea, The Cynic Enlightenment; library catalogues)","chapter":11},{"from":"diogenes","to":"nietzsche","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"The madman with the lantern, Gay Science 125 (1882) · certainty: documented (Small, Aeon 2019; Nietzsche text (Fordham))","chapter":11},{"from":"diogenes","to":"sloterdijk","kind":"spoor","status":"gedocumenteerd","label":"Kritik der zynischen Vernunft (1983) · certainty: documented (Monoskop; Small, Aeon 2019)","chapter":11},{"from":"spinoza","to":"diogenes","kind":"echo","status":"hypothese","label":"Living by nature and reason; freedom through understanding · certainty: hypothesis (no source in the package)","chapter":12},{"from":"krishnamurti","to":"diogenes","kind":"echo","status":"hypothese","label":"Public refusal of offices and values · certainty: hypothesis (no source in the package)","chapter":12},{"from":"zeno","to":"spinoza","kind":"echo","status":"hypothese","label":"knots.json: zeno links_to spinoza (no source or certainty in the package)","chapter":12}],"quotes":[{"text":"I am looking for a human being.","source":"the lamp; anecdote, Diogenes Laertius","chapter":4},{"text":"Here is Plato's human being.","source":"the plucked chicken; anecdote, Diogenes Laertius","chapter":4},{"text":"Stand a little out of my sun.","source":"to Alexander the Great; anecdote, Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius","chapter":6}],"sources":[]}